Role of Glycoproteins during Early Mammalian Embryogenesis

1984 ◽  
pp. 95-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Ivatt
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Embryogenesis

scholarly journals Medawar’s PostEra: Galectins Emerged as Key Players During Fetal-Maternal Glycoimmune Adaptation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Menkhorst ◽  
Nandor Gabor Than ◽  
Udo Jeschke ◽  
Gabriela Barrientos ◽  
Laszlo Szereday ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Successful Pregnancy ◽  
Fetal Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mammalian Embryogenesis ◽  
Carbohydrate Ligands ◽  
Membrane Bound

Lectin-glycan interactions, in particular those mediated by the galectin family, regulate many processes required for a successful pregnancy. Over the past decades, increasing evidence gathered from in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that members of the galectin family specifically bind to both intracellular and membrane bound carbohydrate ligands regulating angiogenesis, immune-cell adaptations required to tolerate the fetal semi-allograft and mammalian embryogenesis. Therefore, galectins play important roles in fetal development and placentation contributing to maternal and fetal health. This review discusses the expression and role of galectins during the course of pregnancy, with an emphasis on maternal immune adaptions and galectin-glycan interactions uncovered in the recent years. In addition, we summarize the galectin fingerprints associated with pathological gestation with particular focus on preeclampsia.

scholarly journals The Role of H3K4 Trimethylation in CpG Islands Hypermethylation in Cancer

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Zardo
Keyword(s):  
Cpg Islands ◽  
Alternative Promoters ◽  
Cpg Dinucleotides ◽  
H3k4 Trimethylation ◽  
Mammalian Embryogenesis ◽  
Intergenic Regions ◽  
Methylation Patterns ◽  
Unmethylated State

CpG methylation in transposons, exons, introns and intergenic regions is important for long-term silencing, silencing of parasitic sequences and alternative promoters, regulating imprinted gene expression and determining X chromosome inactivation. Promoter CpG islands, although rich in CpG dinucleotides, are unmethylated and remain so during all phases of mammalian embryogenesis and development, except in specific cases. The biological mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of the unmethylated state of CpG islands remain elusive, but the modification of established DNA methylation patterns is a common feature in all types of tumors and is considered as an event that intrinsically, or in association with genetic lesions, feeds carcinogenesis. In this review, we focus on the latest results describing the role that the levels of H3K4 trimethylation may have in determining the aberrant hypermethylation of CpG islands in tumors.

scholarly journals The role of the innate immune response regulatory gene ABCF1 in mammalian embryogenesis and development

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. e0175918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara M. Wilcox ◽  
Hitesh Arora ◽  
Lonna Munro ◽  
Jian Xin ◽  
Franz Fenninger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Mammalian Embryogenesis

scholarly journals Characterizing the Role of SMYD2 in Mammalian Embryogenesis—Future Directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Dillon K. Jarrell ◽  
Kelly N. Hassell ◽  
Debbie C. Crans ◽  
Shari Lanning ◽  
Mark A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Lymphocyte Development ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
Mammalian Embryogenesis ◽  
Lysine Methyltransferases

The SET and MYND domain-containing (SMYD) family of lysine methyltransferases are essential in several mammalian developmental pathways. Although predominantly expressed in the heart, the role of SMYD2 in heart development has yet to be fully elucidated and has even been shown to be dispensable in a murine Nkx2-5-associated conditional knockout. Additionally, SMYD2 was recently shown to be necessary not only for lymphocyte development but also for the viability of hematopoietic leukemias. Based on the broad expression pattern of SMYD2 in mammalian tissues, it is likely that it plays pivotal roles in a host of additional normal and pathological processes. In this brief review, we consider what is currently known about the normal and pathogenic functions of SMYD2 and propose specific future directions for characterizing its role in embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Sonic Hedgehog Signaling and Tooth Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Hosoya ◽  
Nazmus Shalehin ◽  
Hiroaki Takebe ◽  
Tsuyoshi Shimo ◽  
Kazuharu Irie
Keyword(s):  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Tooth Development ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Shh Signaling ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Mammalian Embryogenesis ◽  
Dental Epithelium

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted protein with important roles in mammalian embryogenesis. During tooth development, Shh is primarily expressed in the dental epithelium, from initiation to the root formation stages. A number of studies have analyzed the function of Shh signaling at different stages of tooth development and have revealed that Shh signaling regulates the formation of various tooth components, including enamel, dentin, cementum, and other soft tissues. In addition, dental mesenchymal cells positive for Gli1, a downstream transcription factor of Shh signaling, have been found to have stem cell properties, including multipotency and the ability to self-renew. Indeed, Gli1-positive cells in mature teeth appear to contribute to the regeneration of dental pulp and periodontal tissues. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances related to the role of Shh signaling in tooth development, as well as the contribution of this pathway to tooth homeostasis and regeneration.

scholarly journals STAT3-Inducible Mouse ESCs: A Model to Study the Role of STAT3 in ESC Maintenance and Lineage Differentiation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Qian Wong ◽  
Hongyan Xu ◽  
Qiang Wu ◽  
Xinyu Liu ◽  
Chengchen Lufei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Mouse Escs ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lineage Differentiation ◽  
Embryonic Lethal ◽  
Mammalian Embryogenesis ◽  
Cardiac Lineage

Studies have demonstrated that STAT3 is essential in maintaining self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and modulates ESC differentiation. However, there is still lack of direct evidence on STAT3 functions in ESCs and embryogenesis because constitutive STAT3 knockout (KO) mouse is embryonic lethal at E6.5–E7.5, prior to potential functional role in early development can be assessed. Therefore, in this study, two inducible STAT3 ESC lines were established, including the STAT3 knockout (InSTAT3 KO) and pSTAT3 overexpressed (InSTAT3 CA) using Tet-on inducible system in which STAT3 expression can be strictly controlled by doxycycline (Dox) stimulation. Through genotyping, deletion of STAT3 alleles was detected in InSTAT3 KO ESCs following 24 hours Dox stimulation. Western blot also showed that pSTAT3 and STAT3 protein levels were significantly reduced in InSTAT3 KO ESCs while dominantly elevated in InSTAT3 CA ECSs upon Dox stimulation. Likewise, it was found that STAT3-null ESCs would affect the differentiation of ESCs into mesoderm and cardiac lineage. Taken together, the findings of this study indicated that InSTAT3 KO and InSTAT3 CA ESCs could provide a new tool to clarify the direct targets of STAT3 and its role in ESC maintenance, which will facilitate the elaboration of the mechanisms whereby STAT3 maintains ESC pluripotency and regulates ESC differentiation during mammalian embryogenesis.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document