Viral Contamination of Milk

1987 ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Pass
Keyword(s):  
Viral Contamination

FEATURES OF VIRAL CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER IN ARKHANGELSK REGION

Human Ecology ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
I. I. Bobun ◽  
R. V. Buzinov ◽  
L. A. Shishko ◽  
V. P. Boltenkov ◽  
B. A. Morgunov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Arkhangelsk Region

scholarly journals Detection of Adenoviruses and Rotaviruses in Drinking Water Sources Used In Rural Areas of Benin, West Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 2798-2801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Verheyen ◽  
Monika Timmen-Wego ◽  
Rainer Laudien ◽  
Ibrahim Boussaad ◽  
Sibel Sen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Surface Water Samples

ABSTRACT Diseases associated with viruses also found in environmental samples cause major health problems in developing countries. Little is known about the frequency and pattern of viral contamination of drinking water sources in these resource-poor settings. We established a method to analyze 10 liters of water from drinking water sources in a rural area of Benin for the presence of adenoviruses and rotaviruses. Overall, 541 samples from 287 drinking water sources were tested. A total of 12.9% of the sources were positive for adenoviruses and 2.1% of the sources were positive for rotaviruses at least once. Due to the temporary nature of viral contamination in drinking water sources, the probability of virus detection increased with the number of samples taken at one test site over time. No seasonal pattern for viral contaminations was found after samples obtained during the dry and wet seasons were compared. Overall, 3 of 15 surface water samples (20%) and 35 of 247 wells (14.2%) but also 2 of 25 pumps (8%) tested positive for adenoviruses or rotaviruses. The presence of latrines within a radius of 50 m in the vicinity of pumps or wells was identified as being a risk factor for virus detection. In summary, viral contamination was correlated with the presence of latrines in the vicinity of drinking water sources, indicating the importance of appropriate decision support systems in these socioeconomic prospering regions.

Assessment of Viral Contamination of Five Brazilian Artisanal Cheese Produced from Raw Milk: a Randomized Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcio Roberto Silva ◽  
Fernando César Ferreira ◽  
Adriana Gonçalves Maranhão ◽  
Natália Maria Lanzarini ◽  
Karina Neboo de Carvalho Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Viral Contamination

scholarly journals Quantification and Stability of Human Adenoviruses and Polyomavirus JCPyV in Wastewater Matrices

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 7894-7896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Bofill-Mas ◽  
Nestor Albinana-Gimenez ◽  
Pilar Clemente-Casares ◽  
Ayalkibet Hundesa ◽  
Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Human Polyomavirus ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Human Adenoviruses ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr

ABSTRACT Human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human polyomavirus JCPyV have been previously proposed as indicators of fecal viral contamination in the environment. Different wastewater matrices have been analyzed by applying real-time quantitative PCR procedures for the presence, quantity, and stability of a wide diversity of excreted HAdV and JCPyV. High quantities of HAdV and JCPyV were detected in sewage, effluent wastewater, sludge, and biosolid samples. Both viruses showed high stability in urban sewage. These results confirm the suitability of both viruses as indicators of human fecal viral pollution.

Molecular Detection of Adenovirus in Tap Water from Coastal Areas Of Karachi Pakistan:The Real-Time PCR Assay

2021 ◽  
Vol 156 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S140-S140
Author(s):  
A Kalam
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Viral Contamination

Abstract Introduction/Objective Diarrhea is a major source of morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries. In underdeveloped countries, diseases caused by viruses identified in environmental samples cause major health problems. Little knowledge about the frequency and pattern of viral contamination of drinking water sources in these resource-poor settings. Adenovirus which causes watery diarrhea, particular has been recognized as important causal pathogen. Adenovirus remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Tap water samples from coastal sites in Karachi between 2019 and 2020 over a period of 11 months. The total of 40 tap water sample was examined for infectious Adenovirus by a real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Methods/Case Report This Pilot study is conducted on tap water samples from Karachi Pakistan, n=40 are processed. Extraction of nucleic acid from all filtered water samples collected with Sterivex filter units by using Qiagen DNeasy Power Water Sterivex Kit. As per the manufacturer’s instruction. Phocine herpesvirus(PhHV) is added as an external positive control to monitor the efficiency of nucleic acid extraction and amplification. TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) is being used in probe based real time PCR assay,the below 35 Ct value is considered as a positive sample. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results showed the total of 37.7% of the sources were positive for adenovirus.The level of viral contamination was moderate to high. Conclusion The results has been showed that no seasonal pattern for viral contaminations was found after samples obtained during the dry and wet seasons were compared. Further the Real time PCR assay increases the sensitivity and provides the high resolution of pathogen detection.

scholarly journals Enteric viruses in inlet and outlet samples from sewage treatment plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Myrmel ◽  
E. M.M. Berg ◽  
B. Grinde ◽  
E. Rimstad
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Viral Particles

Samples collected every two weeks from the inlet and outlet of three sewage treatment plants were screened for the presence of noro-, rota-, astro-, adeno-, hepatitis A- and circoviruses by (RT)-nested PCR, and for F-specific bacteriophages by isolation in Escherichia coli Famp. Plants A and B were secondary treatment plants and plant C used primary treatment. Noroviruses were detected in 43%, 53% and 24% of the inlet samples and 26%, 40% and 21% of the outlet samples from plants A, B and C, respectively. Astroviruses, rotaviruses and adenoviruses were more prevalent. Adenoviruses were detected in 96% of inlet and 94% of outlet samples, supporting the potential of these viruses as indicators of viral contamination from sewage. Hepatitis A virus and circoviruses were found only rarely. Reduction of infective viral particles during sewage treatment was evaluated using F-specific bacteriophages. The phages were reduced by, respectively, 99%, 87% and 0% in plants A, B and C, which corresponded to the observed differences in reduction of norovirus positive samples between the same plants. The study shows that the high viral load in sewage results in a discharge to the environment of a large amount of virus despite sewage treatment. On the other hand, the advantage of a more advanced treatment is demonstrated.

Viral contamination of environmental surfaces on a general paediatric ward and playroom in a major referral centre in Riyadh

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Akhter1 ◽  
S. Al-Hajjar1 ◽  
S. Myint ◽  
S. M. Hussain Qadri
Keyword(s):  
Referral Centre ◽  
Paediatric Ward ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Environmental Surfaces

Evaluation of bacteriophages during the treatment of sludge

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mignotte-Cadiergues ◽  
C. Gantzer ◽  
L. Schwartzbrod
Keyword(s):  
Bacteroides Fragilis ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Ph Dependent ◽  
Somatic Coliphage ◽  
Phage Inactivation

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of liming and composting on the fate of three bacteriophages (somatic coliphages, F-RNA phages, Bacteroides fragilis phages) considered as potential indicators of viral contamination. It was shown that the three bacteriophages studied exhibited variable densities in sludge. Somatic coliphages were most abundant (104 to 105 .10 g−1 DM) then F-RNA bacteriophages (102 to 104.10 g−1 DM) and Bacteroides fragilis phages (101 to 102.10 g−1 DM). The efficacy of liming was found to be pH dependent but also sludge dependent. The pH allowing 99% elimination of somatic coliphage is close to 9 for solid sludges and close to 13.5 for liquid sludges. For composting, our findings clearly demonstrated that phage inactivation is very clearly temperature-dependent. For temperatures reaching 70°, there is a 5 log reduction in somatic coliphages while for temperature in the 50-55°C range, the drop off is only 2 log. Considering the efficacy of the treatment methods, it is clear that the well-established industrial procedures that reach temperatures in the 60-70°C range totally inactivate all 3 phages tested and present in sludge before composting.

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