scholarly journals Enteric viruses in inlet and outlet samples from sewage treatment plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Myrmel ◽  
E. M.M. Berg ◽  
B. Grinde ◽  
E. Rimstad
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Viral Particles

Samples collected every two weeks from the inlet and outlet of three sewage treatment plants were screened for the presence of noro-, rota-, astro-, adeno-, hepatitis A- and circoviruses by (RT)-nested PCR, and for F-specific bacteriophages by isolation in Escherichia coli Famp. Plants A and B were secondary treatment plants and plant C used primary treatment. Noroviruses were detected in 43%, 53% and 24% of the inlet samples and 26%, 40% and 21% of the outlet samples from plants A, B and C, respectively. Astroviruses, rotaviruses and adenoviruses were more prevalent. Adenoviruses were detected in 96% of inlet and 94% of outlet samples, supporting the potential of these viruses as indicators of viral contamination from sewage. Hepatitis A virus and circoviruses were found only rarely. Reduction of infective viral particles during sewage treatment was evaluated using F-specific bacteriophages. The phages were reduced by, respectively, 99%, 87% and 0% in plants A, B and C, which corresponded to the observed differences in reduction of norovirus positive samples between the same plants. The study shows that the high viral load in sewage results in a discharge to the environment of a large amount of virus despite sewage treatment. On the other hand, the advantage of a more advanced treatment is demonstrated.

Surveillance of human viral contamination and physicochemical profiles in a surface water lagoon

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2682-2687 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fongaro ◽  
M. A Nascimento ◽  
A. Viancelli ◽  
D. Tonetta ◽  
M. M. Petrucio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The present study evaluated the contamination of a surface water lagoon (Peri Lagoon) in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, by human adenovirus (HAdV), polyomavirus JC (JCPyV), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus species A (RVA). Efforts were driven to determine the correlation between viral presence and the physicochemical parameters of the lagoon and measure the distribution of these viruses throughout the year (June 2010 to May 2011). A total of 48 samples were collected, concentrated and analyzed by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction). Approximately 96% of the samples were positive for HAdV (46/48), 65% were positive for RVA (31/48), 21% were positive for JCPyV (10/48) and 12% were positive for HAV (6/48). The presence of JCPyV was positively correlated with that of NO2−N, and also there was a positive correlation between the presence of each one of the viruses (HAdV, HAV and RVA) in winter. Samples from water dedicated for human consumption and recreation tested positive for HAdV by qPCR. These samples were also subjected to viral integrity and viability assays: 83% (10/12) contained intact viral particles and 66% (8/12) contained infectious particles. Our results demonstrate the release of human waste into water sources, justifying the urgent need to add viral parameters to water quality surveillance.

Efficiency of hepatitis A virus removal in six sewage treatment plants from central Tunisia

2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (24) ◽  
pp. 10759-10769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imen Ouardani ◽  
Carmen F. Manso ◽  
Mahjoub Aouni ◽  
Jesús L. Romalde
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Central Tunisia

Viruses and Shellfish

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Schwartzbrod ◽  
S. Boher
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Bacterial Type

While studying the cycle of viral contamination of aqueous media, it appears that the human being is both the primary contaminator and the secondary receiver of the viruses transported in the aqueous medium. Human contamination takes place by drinking water of poor quality, by eating vegetables irrigated with waste water or shellfish. Shellfish consumption is clearly associated with the transmission of enteric infections and epidemics have been reported in many countries. The viruses responsible for the transmission of epidemics are mostly gastro-enteric viruses (Norwalk virus, Rotavirus and “small round viruses”) and the hepatitis A virus. The shellfish implicated are oysters, cockles, mussels and clams. Shellfish depuration techniques involve either closed loop circuits or semi-open circuits. They are very effective bacteriologically, but they do not totally eliminate the viral particles. Furthermore, sanitary controls are, usually, based on the sole research of fecal coliform although this bacterial type is a bad indicator of viral contamination. It is therefore necessary to include a virological criterion in the sanitary control of shellfish.

DESAIN PILOT PLANT DAUR ULANG AIR LIMBAH DI INDUSTRI MIGAS Studi Kasus Kilang Minyak RU-VI Balongan PT. Pertamina (Persero)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nusa Idaman Said ◽  
Ikbal Ikbal ◽  
Satmoko Yudo
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Preliminary Treatment ◽  
Secondary Treatment

Sejalan dengan pertumbuhan penduduk yang sangat pesat dan meningkatnya pencemaran air tanah maupun air permukaan, serta distribusi sumber air untuk konsumsi pemakaian air yang tidak merata telah menyebabkan ketidak-seimbangan antara  pasokan dan kebutuhan akan air. Oleh karena itu, menjadi perhatian yang penting dalam melakukan upaya-upaya dalam hal penyediaan sumber air. Salah satu alternatif yang banyak mendapat perhatian di banyak negara di dunia adalah menggunakan teknologi daur ulang air limbah sebagai sumber air baku untuk penyediaan air bersih. Industri migas merupakan salah satu industri yang mempunyai kebutuhan akan air bersih yang besar, khususnya kilang minyak. Pemakaian air di kilang minyak tersebut cukup besar yaitu sebesar 1.400 m3 perjam, apabila air hasil buangannya dapat di daur ulang sebesar 10% atau lebih saja maka kebutuhan air bersih akan dapat dihemat. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah melakukan desain instalasi daur ulang air di suatu kilang minyak. Konsep yang umum dari daur ulang adalah melakukan pengolahan air limbah untuk dijadikan air bersih, dengan menggunakan kombinasi proses pra-pengolahan (preliminary treatment), pengolahan primer (primary treatment), pengolahan primer lanjutan (advanced primary treatment), pengolahan sekunder (secondary treatment), dan pengolahan tersier (tertiary/advanced treatment). Dengan kombinasi proses tersebut dapat mengolah air limbah sampai menghasilkan air olahan dengan kualitas sebagai air minum.  Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah diperolehnya desain pilot plant instalasi daur ulang air limbah di industri migas dengan kapasitas  9 m3/jam. Kata kunci: pencemaran air, air limbah, desain daur ulang air, kilang minyak

Occurrence and elimination of antibiotics at four sewage treatment plants in Japan and their effects on bacterial ammonia oxidation

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal Chandra Ghosh ◽  
Takashi Okuda ◽  
Naoyuki Yamashita ◽  
Hiroaki Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Rate ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Mixed Condition ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants

The occurrence and elimination of seventeen antibiotics (three macrolides: azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin; five quinolones: ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin; five sulfonamides: sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimizine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfamonomethoxine; and others: tetracycline, lincomycin, salinomycin and trimethoprim) were investigated at four full-scale sewage treatment plants in Japan. The highest concentration was recorded for clarithromycin (1,129 to 4,820 ng/L) in influent, followed by azithromycin (160 to 1,347 ng/L), levofloxacin (255 to 587 ng/L) and norfloxacin (155 to 486 ng/L). A vary inconsistence picture was obtained with negative to over 90% removal. Nalidixic acid (53 to100%) exhibited higher removal efficiency followed by norfloxacin (75 to 95%), levofloxacin (40 to 90%), ciprofloxacin (60 to 83%) and enrofloxacin (38 to 74%). Among macrolides, clarithromycin (50 to 88%) and azithromycin (34 to 86%) showed relatively higher removal efficiency than roxithromycin (−32 to 59%). For most of the antibiotics removal efficiency was higher in A2O and AO based secondary treatment process than CAS process. The effect of the antibiotics on bacterial ammonia oxidation determined by oxygen uptake rate presented that there was no significant effect below 0.05 mg/L of each antibiotics. Even at the same concentration, antibiotics in mixed condition had higher inhibition effects than individuals.

scholarly journals Three-Year Study To Assess Human Enteric Viruses in Shellfish

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 3241-3248 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Le Guyader ◽  
L. Haugarreau ◽  
L. Miossec ◽  
E. Dubois ◽  
M. Pommepuy
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Molecular Technique ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses

ABSTRACT The main pathogenic enteric viruses able to persist in the environment, such as hepatitis A virus (HAV), Norwalk-like virus (NLV), enterovirus (EV), rotavirus (RV), and astrovirus (AV), were detected by reverse transcription-PCR and hybridization in shellfish during a 3-year study. Oyster samples (n = 108), occasionally containing bacteria, were less frequently contaminated, showing positivity for AV (17%), NLV (23%), EV (19%), and RV (27%), whereas mussel samples, collected in areas routinely impacted by human sewage, were more highly contaminated: AV (50%), HAV (13%), NLV (35%), EV (45%), and RV (52%). Sequences obtained from HAV and NLV amplicons showed a great variety of strains, especially for NLV (strains close to Mexico, Snow Mountain Agent, or Norwalk virus). Viral contamination was mainly observed during winter months, although there were some seasonal differences among the viruses. This first study of virus detection over a fairly long period of time suggests that routine analysis of shellfish by a molecular technique is feasible.

Use of RT seminested PCR to assess viral contamination in Caribbean rivers (Martinique)

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 391-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Le Guyader ◽  
D. Menard ◽  
M. Pommepuy ◽  
H. Kopecka
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Caribbean Island ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Surface Water Pollution ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Virus Rna ◽  
Seminested Pcr

RT seminested PCR was used to detect enterovirus and hepatitis A virus RNA in polluted surface water in a Caribbean island. Similar results were obtained from samples with or without PEG concentrations: viral RNA being detected in about 60% of river samples. No correlation was found with bacterial contamination, but some inhibitors may have been present. PCR would seem to be a good tool for monitoring surface water pollution.

scholarly journals Exposure to enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus among divers in environmental waters in France, first biological and serological survey of a controlled cohort

1994 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Garin ◽  
F. Fuchs ◽  
J. M. Crance ◽  
Y. Rouby ◽  
J. C. Chapalain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Training School ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Viral Isolation ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Coxsackievirus B4 ◽  
Concentration Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stool Specimens

SUMMARYAn epidemiological study of hepatitis A and enteroviruses was conducted in a military diving training school, by evaluating the viral contamination of water using an ultrafiltration concentration technique, and assessing seroconversion and the presence of virus in stool specimens obtained from 109 divers and 48 controls. Three of 29 water specimens were positive for enterovirus by cell culture and 9 by molecular hybridization. There was little or no risk of virus infection during the training course (49 h exposure) because there was no significant difference between divers and controls for both viral isolation and seroconversion. However, a higher percentage of coxsackievirus B4 and B5 seropositive divers suggests that these were more exposed during previous water training. No hepatitis A virus (HAV) detection and no seroconversion to HAV was observed. The rate of HAV seropositive subjects was 17% in this 24·5-year-old population

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) at some sewage treatment plants in Poland

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 273-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Suschka ◽  
Bozena Mrowiec ◽  
Grazyna Kuszmider
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Air Stripping ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Benzene Toluene

Volatile organic compounds have been measured at two relatively large sewage treatment plants. Quantitative estimation of benzene, toluene, m.p-xylene, o-xylene and isopropylbenzene have been made for raw sewage, sewage after primary treatment and after biological treatment. Also measurements of 14 different volatile organic compounds in the ambient air, close to screens, and the air above (0.5 m above) aeration tanks have been done. Tests on air stripping of added volatile organic compounds to clean water have been performed in parallel in the laboratory. The removal of examined VOCs in full scale treatment plants was very much below the expected level. In the low loaded activated sludge process the removal was between 2 and 56%, depending on the compound considered. The behavior of volatile organic compounds in laboratory tests was very much different. The concentration of VOCs in the air of rooms where bar racks have been installed was found to be very high. The concentration of toluene in the ambient air could be as high as 460 μg/m3.

Detection of Hepatitis A Virus in Shellfish (Mytilus galloprovincialis) with RT-PCR

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1681-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DI PINTO ◽  
V. T. FORTE ◽  
G. M. TANTILLO ◽  
V. TERIO ◽  
C. BUONAVOGLIA
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Pcr Products

A PCR assay for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in shellfish is described. The procedure involves the concentration of viral particles with the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG), followed by viral RNA extraction and purification with oligo(dT) cellulose. Reverse transcriptase–PCR detection was accomplished in a single step with the use of primers specific for the VP3-VP1 region of the genome. The procedure detected one 50% tissue culture infective dose (0.6 PFU) per 25 g of shellfish homogenate. Heminested PCR was then carried out to verify the specificity of the PCR products. The method was used to detect HAV in shellfish samples from EU categories B and C and to evaluate the quality of shellfish in routine monitoring for HAV in view of the relevant public health implications of this foodborne disease.

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