Assessment of growth and productivity of Scots pine provenance tests in the Arkhangelsk region in 39-year

Впервые для региона изучены выживаемость, рост и продуктивность климатипов сосны обыкновенной в 39-летних географических культурах государственной сети (Плесецкий район Архангельской области). Прослежены особенности перераспределения климатипов в коллекции, отобраны лучшие потомства для использования для лесовосстановления в пределах региона испытания. Установлено, что северные потомства (северная и средняя подзоны тайги), отличающиеся в I классе возраста высокой приживаемостью, во II классе возраста начали процесс дифференциации, который привел к снижению показателя почти в два раза. К концу II класса возраста наблюдается выравнивание потомств климатипов по высоте, при сохранении различий, связанных с происхождением, по диаметру. Наиболее крупные диаметры стволов имеют южнотаежные потомства, а также из северной подзоны смешанных лесов, отличающиеся самыми низкими показатели приживаемости и качеством стволов. Установлена прямая зависимость показателя Н/Д с приживаемостью, связанная с усилением роста климатипов по диаметру, увеличением сбежистости и искривленности стволов, формированием низкоопущенных крон. Показано, что в культурах II класса возраста сохраняются значительные корреляционные связи показателей роста и приживаемости с географическими координатами и климатическими характеристиками мест исходных насаждений, в то время как с запасом связь теряется. С использованием подхода оценки в единицах стандартного отклонения отобраны лучшие по продуктивности (запасу) климатипы: местный плесецкий, пинежский, вологодский, а также климатипы из Карелии. Исходные насаждения этих потомств входят в ареал, ограниченный 60–65° с.ш., 36–44° в.д. Для использования в лесовосстановлении в Архангельской области следует полностью исключить использование семян из насаждений Урала и Сибири. На европейской части страны рекомендовать к использованию семена, заготовленные в трех лесосеменных районах: Южнокарельский, Двинско-Мезенский и Верхнедвинский, ограничив перемещение семян на расстояние не более 300 км. For the first time for the region, the survival, growth and productivity of scots pine climates in 39-year-old provenance test of the state network (Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region) were studied. Features of climate redistribution in the collection were traced, the best offspring were selected for use for reforestation within the test region. It has been established that northern offspring (northern and middle subzones of the boreal forest), differing in the I grade of age with high livability, in the II grade of age began the process of differentiation, which led to a decrease in the indicator by almost half. By the end of grade II of age, the offspring of provenance are equalized in height, while maintaining differences related to origin in diameter. The largest diameters of trunks have southern offspring, as well as from the northern subzone of mixed forests, which differ in the lowest rates of survival and quality of trunks. Direct dependence of H/D index with livability is established, which is connected with increase of provenance growth by diameter, increase of escape and curvature of trunks, formation of low-lowered crowns. It has been shown that in cultures of the II class of age, significant correlation of growth and livelihood indicators with the geographical coordinates and climatic characteristics of the places of the initial plantations remains, while with the reserve the connection is lost. Using the assessment approach, in units of standard deviation, the best climates in terms of productivity (reserve) were selected: local mold, Pinezhsky, Vologda, as well as climates from Karelia. The initial plantations of these offspring are included in the range, limited to 60–65° N, 36–44° E. For use in reforestation in the Arkhangelsk region, the use of seeds from plantations of the Urals and Siberia should be completely excluded. In the European part of the country, recommend the use of seeds harvested in three forested areas: South Karelian, Dvinsk-Mezensky and Verkhnedvinsky, limiting the movement of seeds for a distance of not more than 300 km.

Economic Availability of Forest Resources in Russia: An Analytical Assessment

The topic of the availability of forest resources is especially relevant for Russia, given the volume of the existing potential of these resources, distributed over a huge area of the country. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the possibilities of using the economic availability of forest resources in the practice of forestry in the Russian Federation. The article presents an analysis of the application of tools based on the economic availability of forest resources. It presents the classification of the forms of forest resources availability and analysis of possible situations that may occur assessing the economic availability of forest resources. The authors analyzed various methods of assessing the economic availability of forest wood resources, formed a criterion of economic availability and considered various conditions of economic availability. The results of calculations of economic availability assessments for the Vilegodskoe forestry located in the southeastern part of the Arkhangelsk region, according to which 19.1% of the analyzed plots were recognized as economically unavailable, are presented. The analysis of the characteristics of economically unavailable forest wood resources in the studied object has been carried out. Proposals have been developed on the spheres of the possible use of the toolkit for the economic availability of forest wood resources. The economic availability of forest resources can be widely used in the forestry practice of the Russian Federation in the areas of pricing and forest exploitation optimization. Its application will increase the level of payments for forest resources, due to the withdrawal of excess profits of loggers, and will also ensure the formation of more realistic forest plans.

The Liturgical Singing Tradition of the Old Believers Priests of the Village of Koida (Based on the Materials of the Pushkin House Expedition in 1975 and 1976)

В 1975 и 1976 годах состоялись фольклорные экспедиции Института русской литературы в с.Койда Мезенского р-на Архангельской области, в ходе которых были записаны разнообразные в стилевом и историческом отношении духовные стихи, а также богослужебные песнопения. До настоящего времени коллекция звукозаписей, хранящаяся в Фонограммархиве ИРЛИ, не становилась предметом специального изучения. В ходе исследования удалось атрибутировать гимнографические тексты, выделить особенности распевов и духовных стихов, выявить их источники, частично реконструировать условия звукозаписи. На основе материалов более поздних фольклорно-археографических экспедиций ИРЛИ были восстановлены сведения о жизни старообрядческой общины, которая принадлежала к белокриницкому согласию. Коллекция богослужебных песнопений в музыкальном отношении разнообразна: она содержит пение «по напевке», «на глас», распевы письменной традиции, памятогласие. Внебогослужебная лирика представлена популярными духовными стихами позднего происхождения, за исключением эсхатологических стихов, распевы которых опираются на богослужебную традицию гласового пения. In 1975 and 1976, the Institute of Russian Literature (the Pushkin House) arranged expeditions to the village of Koida, Mezensky District, Arkhangelsk Region, during which spiritual verses and liturgical chants diverse in style and history were recorded. Until now, the collection of sound recordings (32 items) stored in the Phonogram Archive has not been a subject of special study. In the course of the research, it has become possible to attribute hymnographic texts, to highlight specifics of the chants and spiritual verses, to identify their sources, and partially reconstruct conditions of the sound recording. The materials of later folklore and archaeographic expeditions, provided the following information: facts about the life of the Old Believer’s community that belonged to the Belokrinitsky concord, the names of mentors, forms of mentoring and transmitting the singing tradition. The chants and spiritual verses were recorded from two significant performers — mentors Nadezhda Malygina and Nikandr Malygin. The collection of chants is diverse and contains oral and written versions of chants, mnemonic (pamyatoglasie). Non-liturgical music is represented by popular spiritual poetry of late origin, except for eschatological verses, the melody of which is similar to the chant.

Strategy for achieving low carbon content in the Arkhangelsk region

In the Arkhangelsk region, there are many enterprises that have an impact on the ecological state of the region. Most of the enterprises are concentrated in the wood processing industry. To develop a strategy to achieve low carbon content for the region, the low-carbon strategies of the three largest enterprises in the Arkhangelsk industry are analyzed. The strategy focuses on compliance with standards for greenhouse gas emissions, the introduction of energy-intensive technologies used in production, as well as the generation of energy from its own energy sources.

The study of spectral and luminescent properties of humic acids and their impact on the photodegradation process of 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4-methylphenol

UV photolysis (KrCl excilamp, λrad ~ 222 nm) of aqueous humic acids (HAs) samples was carried out without and in the presence of 2,6-bis(hydroxymethyl)-4-methylphenol. The samples of HAs fractions were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co and prepared from peat of Arkhangelsk region. The presence of Aldrich humic acid in the solution has a essential effect on the processes of phenolic compound photochemical degradation under the action of light from the excilamp.

Aanalyzing risks of incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in areas with different climatic and geographical conditions

Ticks are natural reservoirs and vectors of a virus that is an infectious agent of tick-borne encephalitis, a communicable disease with great medical and social significance. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is widely spread in Arkhangelsk region (AR) located in the Arctic zone in Russia where substantial climatic changes are taking place at the moment. Our research involved examining spatial and temporal distribution of numbers of people bitten by ticks, a number of people bitten by ticks per 100 thousand, a number of TBE cases and TBE incidence in districts and settlements in AR. We calculated relative risks of TBE incidence among people bitten by ticks in AR from 1980 to 2019. We analyzed dynamics of indicators showing numbers of people bitten by ticks per 100 thousand and TBE incidence among people living in Arkhangelsk region. The analysis revealed that a number of bitten people grew slowly in 1980–1990, then there was an exponential growth in 1990–2010, and then the trend stabilized in 2010–2019. Dynamics of TBE incidence was completely in line with changes in number of bitten people up to 2014 but there was a substantial drop in TBE incidence after that. Spatial distribution of numbers of bitten people and TBE incidence revealed that average number of bitten people amounted to 25.1 per 100 thousand in the northern districts in 1980–2019 and was statistically significantly lower than in the central and southern districts (р < 0.001). Average long-term incidence was the highest (7.9 per 100 thousand) in the southern districts in comparison with the central (3.0 per 100 thousand; р<0.001) and northern ones (0.7 per 100 thousand; р<0.001). Maximum relative risks of TBE incidence was detected in the southern districts in 1990–1999 (38.8) in comparison with the northern ones. We made an assumption about probable reasons for declining TBE incidence in Arkhangelsk region detected over the last years given the growing numbers of bitten people.

Efficiency production methods of conifers ball-rooted planting stock in Arkhangelsk region

By comparing three nurseries in the Arkhangelsk region, a comparative analysis of some technological operations in the production of ball-rooted coniferous seedlings was carried out, similar problems were noted and solutions were proposed to increase production efficiency and reduce costs. Frame elements and attachments in greenhouses reduce the amount of light entering the seedlings by 40…45 %, which reduces the rate of photosynthesis. Therefore, it is recommended to rotate the cassettes according to their location in the greenhouse. To increase the illumination, the greenhouse covering should be promptly cleaned from residues and dirt. When planning and building greenhouses, it is necessary to exclude their shading by other infrastructure objects. Substrate for growing seedlings in containers should preferably be purchased from specialized companies and its composition should be controlled before sowing by chemical analysis. In order to increase the yield of seedlings per unit area, the scheme of 2 rotations should be used, while a prerequisite in the north is heating greenhouses in spring, as well as in summer during periods of cold snaps and frosts. Spruce seeds must be sown first, while pines follow second. In this case, both breeds will reach standard parameters by the beginning of the next growing season. To reduce the difference in the amount of liquid to the seedlings during irrigation and fertilization, which reaches 270 %, it is necessary to constantly control these processes, timely cleaning of filters, elimination of breakages, regulation of the amount of liquid coming to the seedlings by means of nozzles or rotation of cassettes. It is possible to accelerate the seed germination and the seedling growth by using stimulants — environmentally safe humic preparations. Soaking the spruce seeds in the solution of the «Ekorost» preparation helped to increase germination and germination energy up to 13 %. Irrigation with a solution of this preparation increased the yield of standard seedlings of spruce by 40,6 % and pine by 36,9 % compared with control.

The Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the system of Russian federalism: an ethno-sociological investigation

The article is devoted to the analysis of trends in the development of modern Russian federalism, against the background the discussions about a possible merger of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO) and the Arkhangelsk Region. These discussions caused mass protests among the residents of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. In 1993, the NAO was proclaimed as an equal subject of the Russian Federation. However, the Okrugs historical dependence on the Arkhangelsk Region in terms of transport and energy caused difficult relations between the two regions over the past 30 years. In this regard, the situation in the Okrug is of interest from the standpoint of analyzing trends in the development of Russian federalism. In 2020, the situation around the NAO and the Arkhangelsk Region came back on the agenda after the announcement of the upcoming merger of the subjects. Mass protests, and the refusal of the majority of the district's population to support the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, suspended the process of regional integration. The main source of the study are data won from an ethno-sociological study conducted in the district in 2020. The study included questionnaires, focus groups and in-depth interview recordings. The material shows that despite the decision, the population of the district and public opinion leaders find an integration of the district and the Arkhangelsk region into one subject inacceptable. Moreover, the idea is perceived by many people as a threat, an attempt to conquer, invade. The participants of the survey give a negative assessment of the actions of the Arkhangelsk region authorities and support representatives of the district authorities that are against the integration. At the same time, the residents of the Okrug share the values of civil Russian identity and are ready to dialogue and compromises. The authors suppose that now it is essential to develop a flexible strategy and take into consideration the situation that has emerged recently. In the short term, it is necessary to involve broad strata of public opinion leaders in discussion and cooperation, study their sentiments, and take their position into account when studying the feasibility of new regions. It is necessary to involve the expert community in the development of the strategy.

К ИСТОКАМ ГОРОДА КАРГОПОЛЯ: О ЧЕМ ГОВОРЯТ ПОСВЯЩЕНИЯ ХРАМОВ И ИХ РАЗМЕЩЕНИЕ

Предпринята попытка рассмотреть и, по возможности, предложить объяснение некоторым закономерностям и особенностям, запечатлевшимся в градостроительной структуре города Каргополя – бывшего уездного, а ныне районного центра на юге Архангельской области. Древняя структура города, вытянувшегося по реке Онеге, является полицентрической, фиксируются несколько центров: южные Колобова горка и Старый торг, северный Городок с Красным Посадом, посередине между ними Соборная площадь с древними Ивановской улицей и Каменкой. Картографирование посвящений храмов и их приделов середины XVI – середины XVII в. выявило преобладание Господских храмов с приделами, посвященными новгородским святым, в северо-восточной части города и Богородичных храмов, связанных с московско-суздальской тематикой, – в юго-западной. Естественно предположить, что они отражают устойчивые предпочтения групп населения более раннего времени – периода заселения. Высказывается и обосновывается гипотеза о связи групп посвящений с разными колонизационными потоками, отличавшимися мировоззренческими предпочтениями: новгородским и «низовским». В середине XVI в., в эпоху Ивана Грозного, московское правительство выполнило объединительные функции, создав примерно посередине новый центр (на месте нынешней Соборной площади). An attempt has been made to consider and, if possible, offer an explanation for some of the patterns and features that are imprinted in the urban planning structure of the city of Kargopol – a former county, and now a regional center in the south of the Arkhangelsk region. The ancient structure of the city, stretching along the Onega River, is polycentric, several centers are recorded: the southern Kolobov Gorka and the Old Marketplace, the northern Gorodok with Krasny Posad, in the middle between them is Cathedral Square with the ancient Ivanovskaya Street and Kamenka. Mapping the dedications of temples and their side-altars in the mid-16th – mid-17th centuries. revealed the predominance of dedications to the Lord in the northeastern part of the city and dedications to the Mother of God – in the southwest. It is natural to assume that they reflect the stable preferences of population groups at an earlier time – the period of settlement. A hypothesis is expressed and substantiated about the connection of initiation groups with different colonization streams that differed in ideological preferences: Novgorod and «lower». In the middle of the 16th century, during the era of Ivan the Terrible, the Moscow government performed unifying functions, creating a new center approximately in the middle (on the site of the present Cathedral Square).

Ratio of structural impurity distribution in diamond crystals and kimberlite pipe diamond potentiak (case study of Arkhangelsk region and Yakutia)

IR spectroscopy was used to compare diamonds from 12 pipes, Arkhangelsk region. Based on positive correlation between average N and H values in diamonds from various deposits, it was found that crystals from low-grade diamond pipes are relatively enriched in hydrogen compared with diamonds from Lomonosov and Grib deposits. In terms of structural impurity distribution, Arkhangelsk deposit diamonds differ from Yakutian diamonds; it could be due to various composition of compared diamonds’ source matter and thermodynamic conditions of their growth. It is shown that hydrogen is a negative factor of diamond potential in both Yakutian and Arkhangelsk diamonds. This can partly be explained by impuri-ty blocking effect on diamond crystal growth.