Modelling the Role of Vector Transmission of Aphid Bacterial Endosymbionts and the Protection Against Parasitoid Wasps

2019 ◽  
pp. 209-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Zytynska ◽  
Ezio Venturino
Keyword(s):  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Vector Transmission ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts

scholarly journals The Role of Lipid Competition for Endosymbiont-Mediated Protection against Parasitoid Wasps in Drosophila

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Paredes ◽  
Jeremy K. Herren ◽  
Fanny Schüpfer ◽  
Bruno Lemaitre
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Lipid Quantification ◽  
Asobara Tabida ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Cellular Immune

ABSTRACT Insects commonly harbor facultative bacterial endosymbionts, such as Wolbachia and Spiroplasma species, that are vertically transmitted from mothers to their offspring. These endosymbiontic bacteria increase their propagation by manipulating host reproduction or by protecting their hosts against natural enemies. While an increasing number of studies have reported endosymbiont-mediated protection, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this protection. Here, we analyze the mechanisms underlying protection from parasitoid wasps in Drosophila melanogaster mediated by its facultative endosymbiont Spiroplasma poulsonii . Our results indicate that S. poulsonii exerts protection against two distantly related wasp species, Leptopilina boulardi and Asobara tabida . S. poulsonii -mediated protection against parasitoid wasps takes place at the pupal stage and is not associated with an increased cellular immune response. In this work, we provide three important observations that support the notion that S. poulsonii bacteria and wasp larvae compete for host lipids and that this competition underlies symbiont-mediated protection. First, lipid quantification shows that both S. poulsonii and parasitoid wasps deplete D. melanogaster hemolymph lipids. Second, the depletion of hemolymphatic lipids using the Lpp RNA interference ( Lpp RNAi ) construct reduces wasp success in larvae that are not infected with S. poulsonii and blocks S. poulsonii growth. Third, we show that the growth of S. poulsonii bacteria is not affected by the presence of the wasps, indicating that when S. poulsonii is present, larval wasps will develop in a lipid-depleted environment. We propose that competition for host lipids may be relevant to endosymbiont-mediated protection in other systems and could explain the broad spectrum of protection provided. IMPORTANCE Virtually all insects, including crop pests and disease vectors, harbor facultative bacterial endosymbionts. They are vertically transmitted from mothers to their offspring, and some protect their host against pathogens. Here, we studied the mechanism of protection against parasitoid wasps mediated by the Drosophila melanogaster endosymbiont Spiroplasma poulsonii . Using genetic manipulation of the host, we provide strong evidence supporting the hypothesis that competition for host lipids underlies S. poulsonii -mediated protection against parasitoid wasps. We propose that lipid competition-based protection may not be restricted to Spiroplasma bacteria but could also apply other endosymbionts, notably Wolbachia bacteria, which can suppress human disease-causing viruses in insect hosts.

scholarly journals Beyond sex allocation: the role of mating systems in sexual selection in parasitoid wasps

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 599-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Boulton ◽  
Laura A. Collins ◽  
David M. Shuker
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Sex Allocation ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps

scholarly journals Onchocerciasis: the Role of Wolbachia Bacterial Endosymbionts in Parasite Biology, Disease Pathogenesis, and Treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Tamarozzi ◽  
A. Halliday ◽  
K. Gentil ◽  
A. Hoerauf ◽  
E. Pearlman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Parasite Biology

scholarly journals Role of enhanced vector transmission of a new West Nile virus strain in an outbreak of equine disease in Australia in 2011

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew F van den Hurk ◽  
Sonja Hall-Mendelin ◽  
Cameron E Webb ◽  
Cindy S E Tan ◽  
Francesca D Frentiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Strain ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Vector Transmission ◽  
New West ◽  
West Nile Virus Strain

scholarly journals Studies of Parasitic Wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Association with Mountain Pine Beetle Outbreak

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Larry Haimowitz ◽  
Scott Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Greater Yellowstone ◽  
New Distribution

A survey of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Grand Teton National Park reveals undiscovered (but not unexpected) diversity, as well as changes in diversity associated with the bark beetle epidemic and the unusually warm, dry year. Our 2012 survey found nearly the same number of Braconidae subfamilies (18 vs 19) as a 2002 survey (Shaw 2002); a remarkable amount of diversity given that the 2002 survey was based upon five times as many specimens. Eleven species found in this study are new distribution records for the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), which points to much undiscovered local diversity. Differences from previous studies are possibly due to the unusual warmth and dryness of spring 2012, along with some influence from beetle kill. We provide a list of parasitoids and predators associated with mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), a stepping stone for further research to determine the role of natural enemies in bark beetle outbreak dynamics in the GYE.

scholarly journals Forward genetics in Wolbachia: Regulation of Wolbachia proliferation by the amplification and deletion of an addictive genomic island

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. e1009612
Author(s):  
Elves H. Duarte ◽  
Ana Carvalho ◽  
Sergio López-Madrigal ◽  
João Costa ◽  
Luís Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Genomic Island ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Arthropod Species ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Time Of Infection ◽  
Fitness Benefits

Wolbachia is one of the smost prevalent bacterial endosymbionts, infecting approximately 40% of terrestrial arthropod species. Wolbachia is often a reproductive parasite but can also provide fitness benefits to its host, as, for example, protection against viral pathogens. This protective effect is currently being applied to fight arboviruses transmission by releasing Wolbachia-transinfected mosquitoes. Titre regulation is a crucial aspect of Wolbachia biology. Higher titres can lead to stronger phenotypes and fidelity of transmission but can have a higher cost to the host. Since Wolbachia is maternally transmitted, its fitness depends on host fitness, and, therefore, its cost to the host may be under selection. Understanding how Wolbachia titres are regulated and other aspects of Wolbachia biology has been hampered by the lack of genetic tools. Here we developed a forward genetic screen to identify new Wolbachia over-proliferative mutant variants. We characterized in detail two new mutants, wMelPop2 and wMelOctoless, and show that the amplification or loss of the Octomom genomic region lead to over-proliferation. These results confirm previous data and expand on the complex role of this genomic region in the control of Wolbachia proliferation. Both new mutants shorten the host lifespan and increase antiviral protection. Moreover, we show that Wolbachia proliferation rate in Drosophila melanogaster depends on the interaction between Octomom copy number, the host developmental stage, and temperature. Our analysis also suggests that the life shortening and antiviral protection phenotypes of Wolbachia are dependent on different, but related, properties of the endosymbiont; the rate of proliferation and the titres near the time of infection, respectively. We also demonstrate the feasibility of a novel and unbiased experimental approach to study Wolbachia biology, which could be further adapted to characterize other genetically intractable bacterial endosymbionts.

scholarly journals Maternally transmitted non-bacterial male killer in Drosophila biauraria

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 20170476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Kageyama ◽  
Kanamu Yoshimura ◽  
Takafumi N. Sugimoto ◽  
Takehiro K. Katoh ◽  
Masayoshi Watada
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Female Line ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Tetracycline Treatment ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Male Killer

A maternally inherited, all-female trait is widely found among arthropods, which is caused by bacterial endosymbionts such as Wolbachia , Rickettsia , Spiroplasma and Cardinium . We discovered a single female of Drosophila biauraria, collected from Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan, that produced all-female offspring. This all-female trait was maternally inherited in the iso-female line (SP12F) by backcrossing with males of a normal line (SP11-20) with a 1 : 1 sex ratio derived from the same population. The all-female trait was not affected by tetracycline treatment performed for two consecutive generations. However, the microinjection of filter-sterilized homogenate of SP12F females into SP11-20 females established all-female matrilines. Our data suggest the role of transmissible agents, most likely viruses, but not bacteria or protists, as the possible cause of the all-female phenotype, which is likely to be achieved by killing of male embryos because egg hatch rates of SP12F were nearly half those of SP11-20. This is the first report in Diptera to demonstrate a maternally inherited virus-like element as the cause of the male-killing phenotype in D. biauraria .

scholarly journals Molecular Commerce on Coral Reefs: Using Metabolomics to Reveal Biochemical Exchanges Underlying Holobiont Biology and the Ecology of Coastal Ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Wegley Kelly ◽  
Craig E. Nelson ◽  
Lihini I. Aluwihare ◽  
Milou G. I. Arts ◽  
Pieter C. Dorrestein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Coastal Ecosystems ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Bioinformatic Tools ◽  
Metabolite Exchange ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Algal Competition

The rapidly advancing field of metabolomics encompasses a diverse suite of powerful analytical and bioinformatic tools that can help to reveal the diversity and activity of chemical compounds in individual organisms, species interactions, and entire ecosystems. In this perspective we use examples from studies of coral reefs to illustrate ways in which metabolomics has been and can be applied to understand coastal ecosystems. Examples of new insights that can be provided by metabolomics include resolving metabolite exchange between microbes and animals in holobiont tissues, identifying the relevant metabolite exchanges associated with the onset and maintenance of diverse bacterial endosymbionts, characterizing unknown molecules associated with coral reproductive cues, or defining the suites of compounds involved in coral-algal competition and microbialization of algal-dominated ecosystems. Here we outline sampling, analytical and informatic methods that marine biologists and ecologists can apply to understand the role of chemical processes in ecosystems, with a focus on open access data analysis workflows and democratized databases. This perspective aims to demonstrate that metabolomics tools and bioinformatics approaches which leverage open access chemical databases can provide scientists the opportunity to map detailed metabolic inventories and dynamics for a holistic view of the relationships among reef organisms, their symbionts and their surrounding marine environment.

scholarly journals Natural Shifts in Endosymbionts' Occurrence and Relative Frequency in Their Ciliate Host Population

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicitas E. Flemming ◽  
Katrin Grosser ◽  
Martina Schrallhammer
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Temporal Persistence ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria ◽  
Positive Effect

The role of bacterial endosymbionts harbored by heterotrophic Paramecium species is complex. Obligate intracellular bacteria supposedly always inflict costs as the host is the only possible provider of resources. However, several experimental studies have shown that paramecia carrying bacterial endosymbionts can benefit from their infection. Here, we address the question which endosymbionts occur in natural paramecia populations isolated from a small lake over a period of 5 years and which factors might explain observed shifts and persistence in the symbionts occurrence. One hundred and nineteen monoclonal strains were investigated and approximately two-third harbored intracellular bacteria. The majority of infected paramecia carried the obligate endosymbiotic “Candidatus Megaira polyxenophila”, followed by Caedimonas varicaedens, and Holospora undulata. The latter was only detected in a single strain. While “Ca. M. polyxenophila” was observed in seven out of 13 samplings, C. varicaedens presence was limited to a single sampling occasion. After the appearance of C. varicaedens, “Ca. M. polyxenophila” prevalence dramatically dropped with some delay but recovered to original levels at the end of our study. Potential mechanisms explaining these observations include differences in infectivity, host range, and impact on host fitness as well as host competitive capacities. Growth experiments revealed fitness advantages for infected paramecia harboring “Ca. M. polyxenophila” as well as C. varicaedens. Furthermore, we showed that cells carrying C. varicaedens gain a competitive advantage from the symbiosis-derived killer trait. Other characteristics like infectivity and overlapping host range were taken into consideration, but the observed temporal persistence of “Ca. M. polyxenophila” is most likely explained by the positive effect this symbiont provides to its host.

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