Examination of the Usage of a New Beak-Abrasive Material in Different Laying Hen Genotypes (Preliminary Results)

The aim of the experiment was to investigate the use and effect of a new beak-abrasive material not yet examined on mortality of non-beak trimmed laying hens of different genotypes housed in an alternative pen. The study was performed on 636 females belonging to three genotypes of Bábolna TETRA Ltd. (a1 = commercial brown layer hybrid (C); a2 = purebred male line offspring group (maternal); a3 = purebfigure ed female line offspring group (paternal)). A total of 318 hens, i.e., 106 hens/genotype distributed in six pens (53 hens/pen), were evaluated. Cylindrical beak-abrasive blocks of 5.3–5.6 kg were suspended (0.1–0.4 mm diameter gravel, limestone grit, lime hydrate, and cement mixture) in six alternative pens. In six control pens without abrasive material, 318 hens, i.e., 106 hens/genotype (2 pens control group/genotype, i.e., C1 = commercial brown layer hybrid, C2 = purebred male line offspring group, C3 = purebred female line offspring group; 53 hens/pen;) were placed where there were no beak-abrasive materials. The rate of change in the weight of the beak-abrasive materials and the mortality rate were recorded daily. In the six pens equipped with beak-abrasive materials, infrared cameras were installed, and 24 h recordings were made. The number of individuals pecking the beak-abrasive material, the time and duration of dealing with the material were recorded. Data coming from one observation day are given. During the 13 experimental weeks of observation, the weight loss of beak-abrasives differed significantly in the different genotypes (a1 = 27.4%; a2 = 29.6%; a3 = 56.6%). During the only day analyzed, the hens from all the genotypes mostly stayed between 17:00 and 21:00 h in the littered scratching area where the beak-abrasive material was placed (a1 = 48.4%; a2 = 49.2%; a3 = 54.4%). In the case of each genotype, the rate of the hens dealing with beak-abrasives in the first two periods of the day was relatively low (0.2%–0.7%). Peaks of the activity were between 17:00 and 21:00 (a1 = 0.8%; a2 = 1.3%; a3 = 1.8%). The a3 dealt with the beak-abrasive materials to a significantly greater extent in the period from 13:00 to 17:00 (0.8%) and from 17:00 to 21:00 (1.8%) than the a1 (0.2% and 0.8%, respectively). Due to the use of the beak-abrasive materials, the mortality rate decreased the most in the genotypes that used them (a1 with beak-abrasive material 0.0% vs. C1 9.4%; a2 with beak-abrasive material 2.9% vs. C2 12.4%; a3 with beak-abrasive material) 15.4% vs. C3 5.7%). It can be concluded that the insertion of beak-abrasive materials increased the behavioral repertoire of hens, which is particularly beneficial from an animal welfare point of view. Further and longer-term research is needed to determine whether the insertion of the beak-abrasive material has a beneficial effect on the mortality data of the experimental groups through enrichment, either through physical abrasion of the beak or both.

The kinship through the female line in the inheritance of the possessions of the Moscow Rurikids in the 14th century

The paper studies the influence of the factor of possessions inheritance by Moscow knyazes in the female line in the 14th century, which was not typical for the Rurikids. There are certain difficulties in the history of possessions inheritance in Rus, since sources paid little attention to such facts. The problem has not received sufficient attention in the historical literature. The author explores various forms of such inheritance that took place during the period under review in the Moscow Principality starting from the will of Ivan Kalita. In some cases, it was about small possessions transfer under the power of the Moscow dynasty princes, in others - entire principalities that had their own independent history of several generations. The most obvious example is the succession through consanguinity including from maternal grandfather to grandson. In addition, childless widowed princesses also bequeathed their lands to their nephews. The history of the Moscow dynasty also has an unprecedented example of the transfer of a hereditary principality by a knyaz to his widow, which she was forced to transfer to her brother-in-law. A persistent trend for a long time gives such facts a certain historical significance.

REDUCTION OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE, DESCENDANTS OF THOSE IRRADIATED AS A RESULT OF NUCLEAR TESTS

Aim of research: To determine the frequency and degree of decrease in bone mineral density in women of reproductive age who are descendants of persons exposed to radiation as a result of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site. The study included 383 women, descendants of non-irradiated and irradiated II and III generations in the female line. The parameters of bone mineral density in 2 age groups (II generation - 1962-1987 year of birth and III generation – 1988-1996 year of birth) were studied by ultrasound densitometry. It was revealed that women of reproductive age with irradiated ancestors of the second and third generation, who lived in areas of maximum and extreme radiation risk, had a relative decrease in bone mineral density, which was statistically significant in relation to the descendants of persons who were not exposed to chronic anthropogenic sources of ionizing radiation. There were statistically significant relationship between exposure ancestors II and III generation and indicators BMD their offspring, women of reproductive age. It is possible to predict the rapid development of involutional osteoporosis in women-descendants of irradiated patients in the ІІ and ІІІ generation.

Occasional paternal inheritance of the germline-restricted chromosome in songbirds

All songbirds have one special accessory chromosome1–4, the so-called germline-restricted chromosome (GRC)4–7, which is only present in germline cells and absent from all somatic tissues. Earlier work on the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata castanotis) showed that the GRC is inherited only through the female line4,6,8,9 – like mitochondrial DNA7,9–12 – and is eliminated from the sperm during spermatogenesis5,7,9–11. Here we show that the GRC can also be paternally inherited. Confocal microscopy using GRC-specific FISH probes indicated that a considerable fraction of sperm heads (1-19%) in zebra finch ejaculates still contained the GRC. In line with these cytogenetic data, sequencing of ejaculates revealed that individual males from two families differed strongly and consistently in the number of GRCs in their ejaculates. Examining a captive-bred population of hybrids of the two zebra finch subspecies (T. g. guttata and T. g. castanotis) revealed that the descendants inherited their mitochondria from a castanotis mother but their GRC from a guttata father. Moreover, GRC haplotypes across nine different castanotis matrilines showed at best a weak tendency to be co-inherited with mtDNA haplotypes. Within castanotis, the GRC showed little variability, while the mtDNA of matrilines was highly divergent. This suggests that a single GRC haplotype has recently spread across the entire castanotis population, crossing the matriline boundaries via paternal spillover. Our findings raise the possibility that certain GRC haplotypes could selfishly spread through the population, via additional paternal transmission, thereby outcompeting other GRC haplotypes that were limited to strict maternal inheritance, even if this was partly detrimental to organismal fitness.

Observation on the growth of hubbard parent stock broilers raised for 20 weeks by manipulating the feed supply under restricted feeding regime

A study was carried out to monitor the effect of feed manipulation on the growth and development of male and female line Hubbard broiler parent stock reared under tropical open sided poultry house without any form of cooling system or any temperature regulating mechanism. A total of 255 females and 105 males for the male line and 360 females and 150 males for the female line were used. The birds were fed a normal soya cake/groundnut cake and maize based broiler starter ration of 2900kcal/kg ME and 20% CP and a grower ration containing 2650kcal/kg ME with 16% CP as stipulated by the Hubbard rearing guide. The birds were fed ad libitum for the first 2 weeks and thereafter placed on restricted feeding in line with the standard rearing guideline provided by the Hubbard breeding company for optimum growth and development. It was observed that the body weights of the birds did not differ much from the standard body weight expected at 20 weeks even though they were reared in the normal tropical open sided poultry house without sophisticated modern facilities. This shows that feed manipulation can be used to achieve desired weight in broiler parent stock rearing

SOME PRODUCTION PARAMETERS OF LOHMANN BROWN BROILER PARENT LINES IN THE HUMID TROPICS

Two hundred day-old chicks of Lohmann Brown Broiler male (MPL) and female (FPL) parent lines were evaluated for production efficiency under the humid tropical environment. Chicks were reared on deep litter and fed chick breeder mash (0-8 weeks), grower mash (9-16 weeks), and broiler breeder mash (17-49 weeks). Water was supplied ad libitum. At point of lay, birds were floor-mated according to line in a ratio of 1 cock; 6 hens. Average body weights at 20 weeks were 2623.99 and 2189.35g for MPL and FPL, respectively. Female parent line chicken came into lay 4 days earlier than their MPL counterparts (142 vs 146 days). No statistical difference was observed in the total feed consumption per bird, with the values 8.89kg (MPL) and 8.62kg (FPL). There were no significant (P>0.05) differences between the two lines in percent hien-day egg production (PHD), fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs, values of which were respectively, 49, 12, 79.32 and 81.01 for the male line and 62.11, 80.89 and 82.28 for the female line during the last 26-49 weeks of age.

Moğol İmparatorluk Mirasının Önemli Bir Unsuru Olarak Alangoa Kültü

State formations have generally transformed societies into more hierarchical structures, caused differentiation in gender roles and formed more powerful patriarchal social structures. However, the traditional understanding of the Mongol society, which gives importance to the female line and female values, was institutionalized and preserved through centuries in the Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan. The fact that Chinggis Khan’s divine lineage was based on a woman named Alangoa, who got pregnant from divine light, has been very influential. In the Secret History, the ideal female model through the Alangoa cult was shaped by the mother of Chinggis Khan, Mother Höe’lün and his wife Börte and institutionalized in the Mongolian official state ideology. This article will examine how the traditional gender roles were institutionalized around the Alangoa cult in the light of the Secret History of the Mongols. In addition, the questions of why and how this understanding continued among Turco-Mongolian states and empires that were not descendants from Chinggis Khan’s lineage after the Mongol Empire will also be addressed.

EKATERINBURG MERCHANTS: THE PROBLEM OF SUCCESSION (THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURIES)

The article analyzes the problem of succession in the ranks of Ekaterinburg’s merchant class and the variants of its solution used in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. Succession is considered as a process of capital transfer by Ekaterinburg merchants to their heirs in order to continue the commercial and industrial affairs of the testator. The article discusses the methods of training merchants’ successors, including their use as employees and their inclusion in family companies as partners. Considerable attention is paid to studying the mechanism of inheritance transfer in emergency situations and conflicts that arose during inheritance process. The author explores the cases when the heirs on a female line (widows, daughters) acted as the successors of commercial and industrial affairs, the examples of involvement of sons-in-law in the management of family capital are also given. The article uses documents from the funds of the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk region (GASO), as well as the periodical press (newspapers “Permskie gubernskie vedomosti”, “Ekaterinburgskaya nedelya” and others). From archival materials, documents from the funds of the Ekaterinburg City Duma and the Ekaterinburg District Court are mainly used. The following conclusions are made. The procedure of transferring the inheritance by Ekaterinburg merchants to their successors was a complex and ambiguous process. Not all Ekaterinburg merchants managed to solve the problem of succession: for this reason, a number of family firms existed only during one generation. At the same time, many representatives of the city merchant class managed to solve the problem of succession by various ways, at least for 2–3 generations. The instability of merchant capital was largely a consequence of state policy, and to a lesser extent, the result of the unresolved problem of succession.

Analisis Bobot Badan dan Karakteristik Semen Ayam Gaok Terseleksi Generasi ke-6

ABSTRAK. Ayam Gaok merupakan salah satu rumpun ayam lokal yang memiliki potensi besar dikembangkan. Balai Penelitian Ternak (Balitnak) telah melakukan program seleksi pada ayam Gaok untuk menghasilkan bibit ayam lokal pedaging yang dipanen umur 10 minggu dan dapat dijadikan galur jantan (male line) yang akan disilangkan dengan ayam KUB yang merupakan galur betina (female line). Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan bobot badan dan karakteristik semen ayam Gaok generasi ke-6 yang dipelihara di Balitnak. Sebanyak 211 ekor anak ayam Gaok umur satu hari dari generasi ke-6 dipelihara pada kandang koloni pada masa starter dan grower. Ayam dewasa dipelihara pada kandang individu. Pakan dan air minum diberikan ad libitum. Bobot badan ayam jantan dan betina pada umur 10 minggu masing-masing 1.075,26 ± 156,55 g (KK= 14,56 %) dan 868,25 ± 109,34 g (KK= 12,59 %). Rerata bobot badan jantan dan betina sudah mulai berbeda nyata (P0,05) pada saat ayam berumur lima minggu. Konsumsi dan konversi pakan sampai umur 10 minggu yakni masing-masing 2.801,61 g dan 2,99. Bobot badan ayam jantan dan betina pada umur 20 minggu masing-masing 2.354,01 ± 280,06 (KK= 11,90%) dan 1.646,5 ± 205,97 g (KK= 12,51%). Volume semen, konsentrasi, motilitas dan persentase sperma hidup ayam Gaok jantan pada umur delapan bulan masing-masing sebesar 0,4 ml, 3.927 × 106, 57,22 dan 62,5%. Bobot badan ayam Gaok umur 10 minggu menunjukkan hasil baik dengan variasi yang cukup seragam. Kuantitas dan kualitas semen ayam Gaok tergolong normal. (Analysis of body weight and semen characteristic of 6th generation selected gaok chicken) ABSTRACT. Gaok chicken is one of local breed chicken which potentially to be developed. Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production (IRIAP) have been executed selection program on Gaok chicken to obtain meat type local chicken which is harvested on 10 weeks old age and can be made as male line to be crossed with KUB chicken which is the female line. The objective of this study was to observe growth of body weight and characteristics of semen of Gaok chicken 6th generation which are raised in IRIAP. A number of 211 DOC Gaok chicken 6th generation were raised in colony cage in starter and grower periods. Mature chickens were kept in individual cages. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Body weight male and female at 10 weeks were 1,075.26 ±156.55 g (CV=14,56 %) and 868.25 ± 109.34 g (CV=12,59 %) respectively. Body weight on male and female were started significantly differ from five weeks (P0.05). Feed consumption and conversion for 10 weeks were 2,901.61 g and 2.99, respectively. Body weight male and female at 20 weeks were 2,354.01 ± 280.06 g (CV=11,90 %) and 1,646.5 ± 205.97 g (CV=12,51 %) respectively. Semen volume, concentration, motility and proportion of live sperm of male Gaok chicken were 0.4 ml, 3,927 × 106, 57,22 % and 62.5 %, respectively. 10th week body weight of Gaok chicken showed good results with uniform variation. Quantity and quality of Gaok chicken semen belonged to be normal.

TRAGIC VISUALIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL SPACE OF THEBES IN STATIUS’ THEBAID

Сочинение Публия Папиния Стация «Фиваида» представляет собой самое обширное дошедшее до нас изложение войны, развязанной сыновьями фиванского царя Эдипа – Этеоклом и Полиником. Братоубийственная война у Стация является преступлением, о котором он хочет поведать читателю, утвердив себя в роли морализирующего поэта, который является настолько же римским, насколько и греческим. В случае с детьми Эдипа война является божественным наставлением-наказанием, которое не могут или не хотят предотвратить смертные. Этеокл и Полиник в изображении Стация – это злые по природе юноши, ненависть которых друг к другу и жажда власти являются врожденными. Осуществив пересечение жанров, Стаций создал новую версию мифологических событий, к которой обращались как древнегреческие, так и древнеримские драматурги. В его версии Этеокл и Полиник не являются последним поколением, к которому перешло проклятие, передающееся по мужской линии между потомками фиванского царя Лая и неизбежно затрагивающее линию женскую. Словно давая Этеоклу и Полинику шанс стать лучше, Стаций постоянно отсрочивает начало войны, что позволяет Полинику обзавестись ребенком, которому уготовано стать четвертым поколением «нечестивого рода». О судьбе этого ребенка Стаций не сообщает, давая читателю право самому решить, станет ли он очередным педагогическим фиаско или обернется педагогической победой над проклятьем дома Лая. В статье также была проанализирована терминология Стация и Гигина относительно погребения Полиника – одной из ключевых точек сюжета. Для обозначения погребального костра Гигин использует слово pyra, которое заимствовано из греческого языка (πυρά). Стаций предпочитает использовать латинский аналог (bustum) для определения погребального костра Этеокла, куда Антигона с Аргией водружают тело Полиника. Сцена погребения Полиника Антигоной и Аргией, описанная Стацием и Гигином, имеет свое визуальное воспроизведение на мраморном саркофаге конца II в. н. э. (Villa Doria Pamphilj). Подтверждением тому, что версия погребения Полиника Антигоной и Аргией не придумана в римское время, а является древнегреческой традицией, которая уходит корнями в архаический период, являются данные материальной культуры. Например, саркофаг из Коринфа, датируемый серединой II в. н. э., имеющий в своем художественном выражении классическое греческое влияние, а также этрусская амфора ок. 550 г. до н. э. (Basel: Inv. Züst 209), где изображен поединок Полиника с Тидеем, за которым наблюдают Аргия и ее сестра Деипила. The Thebaid by Publius Papinius Statius is the most extensive surviving account of the war started by the sons of the Theban king Oedipus—Eteocles and Polynices. This fratricidal war is a crime that Statius wants to tell the reader about, having established himself in the role of a moralizing poet who is equally Roman and Greek. In the case of Oedipus’ children, the war is a divine instruction-punishment that mortals cannot or do not want to prevent. Eteocles and Polynices, as described by Statius, are young men evil by nature, experiencing the innate hatred of each other and lust for power. Having mixed the genres, Statius created a new version of the mythological events, which both ancient Greek and ancient Roman playwrights turned to. In his version, Eteocles and Polynices are not the last generation to whom the curse passed. Though the curse descended on the male line among the descendants of the Theban king Laius, it inevitably affected the female line as well. As if giving Eteocles and Polynices a chance to become better, Statius keeps delaying the beginning of the war, which allows Polynices to have a baby who is destined to become the fourth generation of the “wicked family”. Statius does not report on the fate of this child, giving readers the right to decide for themselves whether he will become the next pedagogical fiasco or turn into a pedagogical victory over the curse of the House of Laius. The article also analyzes the terminology used by Statius and Hyginus regarding the burial of Polynices—one of the key points of the plot. To refer to the funeral pyre, Hyginus uses the word ‘pyra’ borrowed from Greek (πυρά). Statius chooses to use the Latin word ‘bustum’ to refer to the funeral pyre of Eteocles, where Antigone and Argia place the body of Polynices. The scene of Antigone and Argia burying Polynices, described by Statius and Hyginus, is reproduced on a marble sarcophagus dating back to late II AD (Villa Doria Pamphilj). The fact that the version of Antigone and Argia buried Polynices was not invented in the Roman times but is rooted in an ancient Greek tradition going back to the archaic period is confirmed by the artifacts from material culture: for example, a sarcophagus from Corinth dating from the middle of the second century AD, which demonstrates a classical Greek influence, and an Etruscan amphora dating from approx. 550 BC (Basel: Inv. Züst 209), which depicts a combat between Polynices and Tydeus that Argia and her sister Deipyle watched.