Protestant Missionaries, Armenian Refugees and Local Relief: Gendered Humanitarianism in Aleppo, 1920–1939

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-84
Author(s):  
Inger Marie Okkenhaug
Keyword(s):  
Local Relief

scholarly journals A Novel GIS-Based Approach for Automated Detection of Nearshore Sandbar Morphological Characteristics in Optical Satellite Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2233
Author(s):  
Rasa Janušaitė ◽  
Laurynas Jukna ◽  
Darius Jarmalavičius ◽  
Donatas Pupienis ◽  
Gintautas Žilinskas
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Unsupervised Classification ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Medium Resolution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Position Index ◽  
Local Relief ◽  
Length Width

Satellite remote sensing is a valuable tool for coastal management, enabling the possibility to repeatedly observe nearshore sandbars. However, a lack of methodological approaches for sandbar detection prevents the wider use of satellite data in sandbar studies. In this paper, a novel fully automated approach to extract nearshore sandbars in high–medium-resolution satellite imagery using a GIS-based algorithm is proposed. The method is composed of a multi-step workflow providing a wide range of data with morphological nearshore characteristics, which include nearshore local relief, extracted sandbars, their crests and shoreline. The proposed processing chain involves a combination of spectral indices, ISODATA unsupervised classification, multi-scale Relative Bathymetric Position Index (RBPI), criteria-based selection operations, spatial statistics and filtering. The algorithm has been tested with 145 dates of PlanetScope and RapidEye imagery using a case study of the complex multiple sandbar system on the Curonian Spit coast, Baltic Sea. The comparison of results against 4 years of in situ bathymetric surveys shows a strong agreement between measured and derived sandbar crest positions (R2 = 0.999 and 0.997) with an average RMSE of 5.8 and 7 m for PlanetScope and RapidEye sensors, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed approach implies its feasibility to study inter-annual and seasonal sandbar behaviour and short-term changes related to high-impact events. Algorithm-provided outputs enable the possibility to evaluate a range of sandbar characteristics such as distance from shoreline, length, width, count or shape at a relevant spatiotemporal scale. The design of the method determines its compatibility with most sandbar morphologies and suitability to other sandy nearshores. Tests of the described technique with Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI data show that it can be applied to publicly available medium resolution satellite imagery of other sensors.

Relief Trends and Family Life

The Family ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
The Family ◽  
Welfare Society ◽  
Executive Secretary ◽  
Local Relief ◽  
Long Range Planning

At the last of a series of “Know-Your-City” meetings of the League of Women Voters in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the two speakers—Anne E. Geddes of the Bureau of Research and Statistics, Social Security Board, and Elizabeth Morrison, Executive Secretary of the Family Welfare Society of Cambridge—presented the local relief picture from two angles: On the statistical side, Miss Geddes pointed out that thirteen million dollars had been spent for relief in Cambridge from 1929 to 1937 (only 5 per cent by private agencies); that expenditures for relief per inhabitant had increased from $3.53 in 1929 to $21.76 in 1937 (less, however, than in some other Massachusetts cities for which she gave comparative figures); and that “the peak in expenditures appears not yet to have been reached. It is clear that large-scale relief spending will continue and that long-range planning is necessary to prevent and mitigate need.”1 Miss Morrison, in the paper presented here, attempted to convert the cold figures into terms of specific people seeking relief for their needs in the specific local community—of which her audience were interested citizens.

Computer-assisted discrimination of morphological units on north-central Crete (Greece) by applying multivariate statistics to local relief gradients

Geomorphology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 357-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayodele Oluwatomi Adediran ◽  
Issaak Parcharidis ◽  
Maurizio Poscolieri ◽  
Kosmas Pavlopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Statistics ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
North Central ◽  
Local Relief

Culture And Poverty

2005 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS A. KRAINZ
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
American West ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Indian Reservation ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Local Relief ◽  
Kinship Ties ◽  
Relief Efforts

Scholars have increasingly focused on the ideological motivations for national Progressive Era welfare policies by examining a few eastern or midwestern cities; relief efforts in rural communities and the American West have been largely overlooked. What shaped local Progressive Era relief policies was not new social welfare ideas but, rather, local circumstances-economies, settlement patterns, environmental conditions, religious beliefs, kinship ties, philanthropic practices, and local of�cials' decisions. Because these circumstances varied from county to county, stark differences appear when examining local relief practices. Who received aid, assistance levels, durations on relief, and types of aid varied considerably between two rural Colorado counties, Costilla and Lincoln. Local circumstances also affected attempts to transform annuities and rations on the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation into a form of poor relief. The decentralized nature of America's welfare state allowed these dramatic differences in relief practices to become a de�ning element of the Progressive Era.

scholarly journals Simulating the evolution of the topography–climate coupled system

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 2459-2474
Author(s):  
Kyungrock Paik ◽  
Won Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Coupled System ◽  
Windward Side ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
Evolving System ◽  
Local Relief

Abstract. Landscape evolution models simulate the long-term variation of topography under given rainfall scenarios. In reality, local rainfall is largely affected by topography, implying that surface topography and local climate evolve together. Herein, we develop a numerical simulation model for the evolution of the topography–climate coupled system. We investigate how simulated topography and rain field vary between “no-feedback” and “co-evolution” simulations. Co-evolution simulations produced results significantly different from those of no-feedback simulations, as illustrated by transects and time evolution in rainfall excess among others. We show that the evolving system keeps climatic and geomorphic footprints in asymmetric transects and local relief. We investigate the roles of the wind speed and the time lags between hydrometeor formation and rainfall (called the delay time) in the co-evolution. While their combined effects were thought to be represented by the non-dimensional delay time, we demonstrate that the evolution of the coupled system can be more complicated than previously thought. The channel concavity on the windward side becomes lower as the imposed wind speed or the delay time grows. This tendency is explained with the effect of generated spatial rainfall distribution on the area–runoff relationship.

Census of a Reception Centre

1968 ◽  
Vol 114 (513) ◽  
pp. 1031-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Griffith Edwards ◽  
Valerie Williamson ◽  
Ann Hawker ◽  
Celia Hensman ◽  
Seta Postoyan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
Local Relief ◽  
First Time ◽  
Reception Centre ◽  
The Middle Ages

In the second half of the fourteenth century, the whole problem of poverty became in England for the first time a matter of government concern. The contractual relationship between landlord and villein which had prevailed during the Middle Ages, was breaking down, and the Black Death hastened this process. Statutes dealing with vagrancy and poverty were promulgated in 1349, 1351 and 1388: the able-bodied beggar was punished in the stocks and generally repression was the keynote, but despite harsh laws vagrancy increased. In a series of statutes from 1531–1601 the Tudor sovereigns initiated a system of local relief based on the Parish unit. In 1576, Houses of Correction were established:“to the intent youth may be accustomed and brought up in labour and work, and then not likely to grow to be able rogues, and to the intent that such as be already grown up in idleness and so rogues at this present, may not have any just excuse in saying that they cannot get any service of work”.(De Schweinitz, 1943).

scholarly journals Tectonic controls of Holocene erosion in a glaciated orogen

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron A. Adams ◽  
Todd A. Ehlers
Keyword(s):  
Marked Change ◽  
Cascadia Subduction Zone ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Alpine Glacier ◽  
Tectonic Model ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Olympic Mountains ◽  
Topographic Controls ◽  
Local Relief

Abstract. Recent work has highlighted a strong, worldwide, glacial impact of orogen erosion rates over the last 2 Ma. While it may be assumed that glaciers increased erosion rates when active, the degree to which past glaciations influence Holocene erosion rates through the adjustment of topography is not known. In this study, we investigate the influence of long-term tectonic and post-glacial topographic controls on erosion in a glaciated orogen, the Olympic Mountains, USA. We present 14 new 10Be and 26Al analyses which constrain Holocene erosion rates across the Olympic Mountains. Basin-averaged erosion rates scale with basin-averaged values of 5-km local relief, channel steepness, and hillslope angle throughout the range, similar to observations from non-glaciated orogens. These erosion rates are not related to mean annual precipitation or the marked change in Pleistocene alpine glacier size across the range, implying that glacier modification of topography and modern precipitation parameters do not exert strong controls on these rates. Rather, we find that despite intense spatial variations in glacial modification of topography, patterns of recent erosion are similar to those from estimates of long-term tectonic rock uplift. This is consistent with a tectonic model where erosion and rock uplift patterns are controlled by the deformation of the Cascadia subduction zone.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document