scholarly journals Changes in Economic Inequality in Europe and Latin America in the First Decades of the Twenty-First Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 265-292
Author(s):  
Agustín Salvia
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
First Century ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Twenty First Century

AbstractThis chapter contains a comparative analysis of the changes in the inequality of family income distribution in the last two decades in Latin America and Europe. The study examines the degree to which the economic-productive factors—associated with the primary income distribution—or, on the contrary, the social policies—linked to the secondary distribution—reveal structural differences in economic inequality between regions in the 2000–2017 period. Based on a wide sample of countries, the evolution of inequality is compared within and between regions. The dissimilarity of these behaviours is examined as well as how valid certain economic-institutional factors are to give an account of the changes that occurred within each region.The chapter shows that, in the last two decades of the twenty-first century, Western Europe and Latin America have reduced their economic inequality gap, although following different paths: while inequality decreased in the majority of Latin American countries, an inverse process, although moderate, has been taking place in the majority of Europe. While both trends had national exceptions, the evidence presented helps us to deduce that it was simultaneously due to productive changes and to changes in the growth style, and to transformations in the redistributive efficiency of expenditure on social policies.

6. The Global Wave of Democratization

2018 ◽  
pp. 82-100
Author(s):  
John Markoff ◽  
Daniel Burridge
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
First Century ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The World ◽  
Mediterranean Europe ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Eastern Half

This chapter focuses on the great wave of democracy that had touched every continent. In the early 1970s, Western Europe was home to several non-democratic countries, most of Latin America was under military or other forms of authoritarian rule, the eastern half of Europe was ruled by communist parties, much of Asia was undemocratic, and in Africa colonial rule was largely being succeeded by authoritarian regimes. By the early twenty-first century, things had changed considerably, albeit to different degrees in different places. The chapter looks at regions of the world that underwent significant change in democracy between 1972 and 2004, including Mediterranean Europe, Latin America, Soviet/Communist Bloc, Asia, and Africa. It considers what was distinctive about each region’s democratization and what they had in common. It concludes with an overview of challenges faced by democracy in the early twenty-first century.

scholarly journals Latin America: Social and Political Context of Protest Activity

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-81
Author(s):  
Nailya YAKOVLEVA
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Social Agenda ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Protest Activity

The article is devoted to the 2019 upsurge in mass protests in Latin America. The vast majority of actions had anti-elite character and reflected the growing discontent of the population with government economic and social policies. Latin American societies are becoming increasingly sensitive to large-scale corruption among the ruling elites. In these conditions, public confidence in government institutions, including that of presidency, is declining. As the problems of the region’s countries do not have quick solutions, the rise of mass protests may extend to the current year, and the social agenda may be supplemented with a political one.

scholarly journals IMPEACHMENT OR BACKSLIDING? Threats to democracy in the twenty-first century

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (98) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aníbal Pérez-Liñán
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
First Century ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
Functional Equivalent ◽  
Democratic Survival ◽  
Twenty First Century

The age of military coups has ended, but democracy still confronts major challenges in the early twenty-first century. What are the new threats for democratic survival? Is impeachment a functional equivalent to old-fashioned military coups? Using comparative data for Latin America, this paper shows that the institution of impeachment has been “stretched” for political purposes and that the social conditions that triggered military coups in the pasttrigger impeachments in the contemporary era. However, the paper argues that impeachments should not be confused with coups and presents a surprising result: even though legislators often manipulate the impeachment process to undermine elected presidents, the most common threat to democratic survival does not originate in legislatures, but in the executive branch. Concentration of power by the executive has undermined democracy in Latin Americaand elsewhere.

5. The Global Wave of Democratization

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Markoff
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
First Century ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Authoritarian Rule ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The World ◽  
Mediterranean Europe ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Eastern Half

This chapter focuses on the great wave of democracy that had touched every continent. In the early 1970s, Western Europe was home to several non-democratic countries, most of Latin America was under military or other forms of authoritarian rule, the eastern half of Europe was ruled by communist parties, much of Asia was undemocratic, and in Africa colonial rule was largely being succeeded by authoritarian regimes. By the early twenty-first century, things had changed considerably, albeit to different degrees in different places. The chapter looks at regions of the world that underwent significant change in democracy between 1972 and 2004, including Mediterranean Europe, Latin America, Soviet/Communist Bloc, Asia, and Africa. It considers what was distinctive about each region’s democratization and what they had in common. It concludes with an overview of challenges faced by democracy in the early twenty-first century.

scholarly journals Between Autonomy and Independence. The Democratisation of the Armed Forces in Latin America in the Twenty-First Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-47
Author(s):  
Michał Stelmach
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
First Century ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Civil Military Relations ◽  
Democratic Control ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Military Relations

The aim of this article is to analyse the new forms of militarism as well as the position and the role of the armed forces in Latin American political systems in the twenty-first century. The first part analyses two selected forms of military participation in politics: the participation of former servicemembers in presidential elections and their performance as presidents, and the militarisation of political parties. The second part of the article focuses on the issue of contemporary civil-military relations in Latin America, discussing the problems associated with the establishment of democratic control over the armed forces, the reform of the Ministries of Defense and the redefinition of the functions of the army.

scholarly journals Revisiting Latin American Media Democratisation Theories and the Populist Factor

2020 ◽  
pp. 630-654
Author(s):  
Edmundo Bracho-Polanco
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Communication Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Cultural Imperialism ◽  
The Social ◽  
American Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media And Communication

This article deals with the following question: How can Latin American media and communication theories help explain the mediatisation of populism and democracy? The article has a twofold goal: a) it contributes to the study of media, populism and democracy in the context of Latin America; b) it aims to raise awareness outside Latin America about the richness of Latin American media and communication theory for the analysis of the mediation of populism and democracy. The article introduces and engages with a variety of theories from Latin America that deal with globalisation, dependency, cultural imperialism, hybridity, and mediation, and reviews their potentials for explaining the mediatisation of populism and democracy. Theories or models of globalisation, dependency and cultural imperialism, and hybridity and mediation are reviewed analytically, as are some of their core critiques as drawn from various strands of thought, with emphasis on incorporating elements of populism theory. As interest grows in both academia and the media towards the ways in which populism is shaping the social and political spheres in the West, partly encouraged by the recent surge of populist leaders in Europe and the United States, past and current experiences and evaluation of Latin American populism can be constructive in understanding the phenomenon and its implications for communication, media and culture. This study finds that, following political shifts in the twenty-first century, Latin American populism represents a paradigm that is articulated to an important degree through communicative specificities and which can add analytical rigor to competing media and communication theories in the region.

Provisioning Firearms in Latin America: Historical Development and Societal Consequences

2021 ◽  
pp. 027614672110659
Author(s):  
Terrence H. Witkowski
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
First Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
Independence Movements

For hundreds of years, the systems provisioning firearms to Latin America states, insurgents, markets, and criminals have had important societal consequences. The constant supply of guns has accelerated widespread violence at an individual level that in the aggregate has facilitated colonial rule, brutal institutions of slavery, numerous insurrections and border wars and, in more recent times, drug trafficking and the social disruption of communities. Firearms also have enabled national independence movements, hunting for necessary sustenance, physical protection from animal and human predators, and the enjoyment of shooting sports past and present. This article provides an account of Latin American firearms provisioning from the time of European arrival and conquest into the twenty-first century and considers some of the many ensuing societal effects. Historical research, a key component of the macromarketing domain, provides a broader understanding of firearms and gun cultures in the region.

scholarly journals Miguel Serrano’s Antisemitism and its Impact on the Twenty-First-Century Countercultural Rightists

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Global Dimension ◽  
First Century ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Chilean writer Miguel Serrano (1917–2009) is one of the most important figures of the contemporary right-wing counterculture, standing next to figures such as Julius Evola and Savitri Devi. Accordingly, in the last two decades his antisemitic books have been published in places as disparate as Idaho, Rome, Bogota, Melbourne, and London. Likewise, diverse musicians have paid tribute to him, revealing that his influence goes beyond conventional far-right circles. This paper shows the impact of Serrano’s antisemitism on the twenty-first-century countercultural rightists, emphasizing both the local aspects –Latin American, Chilean– of his “Esoteric Hitlerism” and the global dimension of such an impact. This study argues that Serrano was essentially a Chilean right-wing intellectual who, by means of a noteworthy narrative and an irreducible activism, created an antisemitic oeuvre able to attract from Latin America a heterogeneous set of actors. In other words, Serrano shaped a local antisemitic appeal whose effects can be traced on a global scale today. This challenges some notions on Latin America as a mere receptacle of foreign anti-Jewish trends.

The Younghusband-Waddell Collection and Its People: the Social Life of Tibetan Books Gathered in a Late-colonial Enterprise

Inner Asia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-171
Author(s):  
Hildegard Diemberger
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Social Life ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
Cultural Biography ◽  
The Social ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractIn this paper I follow the social life of the Tibetan books belonging to the Younghusband-Waddell collection. I show how books as literary artefacts can transform from ritual objects into loot, into commodities and into academic treasures and how books can have agency over people, creating networks and shaping identities. Exploring connections between books and people, I look at colonial collecting, Orientalist scholarship and imperial visions from an unusual perspective in which the social life and cultural biography of people and things intertwine and mutually define each other. By following the trajectory of these literary artefacts, I show how their traces left in letters, minutes and acquisition documents give insight into the functioning of academic institutions and their relationship to imperial governing structures and individual aspirations. In particular, I outline the lives of a group of scholars who were involved with this collection in different capacities and whose deeds are unevenly known. This adds a new perspective to the study of this period, which has so far been largely focused on the deeds of key individuals and the political and military setting in which they operated. Finally, I show how the books of this collection have continued to exercise their attraction and moral pressure on twenty-first-century scholars, both Tibetan and international, linking them through digital technology and cyberspace.

Social Policy Review 18

2006 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
First Century ◽  
British Society ◽  
Policy Review ◽  
The Social ◽  
Twenty First Century

A hundred years after its philanthropist founder identified the social evils of his time, the Joseph Rowntree Foundation initiated a major consultation among leading thinkers, activists and commentators, as well as the wider public. This book examines the underlying problems that pose the greatest threat to British society in the twenty-first century.

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