Integrating Human Reasoning and Machine Learning to Classify Cyber Attacks

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-165
Author(s):  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Lauren Jones
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Human Reasoning

Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights: Four Realms of Discussion: Summary of Remarks

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
Jootaek Lee
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Data Capturing ◽  
Intensive Procedures

The term, Artificial Intelligence (AI), has changed since it was first coined by John MacCarthy in 1956. AI, believed to have been created with Kurt Gödel's unprovable computational statements in 1931, is now called deep learning or machine learning. AI is defined as a computer machine with the ability to make predictions about the future and solve complex tasks, using algorithms. The AI algorithms are enhanced and become effective with big data capturing the present and the past while still necessarily reflecting human biases into models and equations. AI is also capable of making choices like humans, mirroring human reasoning. AI can help robots to efficiently repeat the same labor intensive procedures in factories and can analyze historic and present data efficiently through deep learning, natural language processing, and anomaly detection. Thus, AI covers a spectrum of augmented intelligence relating to prediction, autonomous intelligence relating to decision making, automated intelligence for labor robots, and assisted intelligence for data analysis.

scholarly journals Design of a dynamic and self-adapting system, supported with artificial intelligence, machine learning and real-time intelligence for predictive cyber risk analytics in extreme environments – cyber risk in the colonisation of Mars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar Radanliev ◽  
David De Roure ◽  
Kevin Page ◽  
Max Van Kleek ◽  
Omar Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Mathematical Formulas ◽  
Cyber Risk

AbstractMultiple governmental agencies and private organisations have made commitments for the colonisation of Mars. Such colonisation requires complex systems and infrastructure that could be very costly to repair or replace in cases of cyber-attacks. This paper surveys deep learning algorithms, IoT cyber security and risk models, and established mathematical formulas to identify the best approach for developing a dynamic and self-adapting system for predictive cyber risk analytics supported with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning and real-time intelligence in edge computing. The paper presents a new mathematical approach for integrating concepts for cognition engine design, edge computing and Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to automate anomaly detection. This engine instigates a step change by applying Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning embedded at the edge of IoT networks, to deliver safe and functional real-time intelligence for predictive cyber risk analytics. This will enhance capacities for risk analytics and assists in the creation of a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the opportunities and threats that arise when edge computing nodes are deployed, and when Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning technologies are migrated to the periphery of the internet and into local IoT networks.

scholarly journals Towards Secured Online Monitoring for Digitalized GIS Against Cyber-Attacks Based on IoT and Machine Learning

IEEE Access ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Elsisi ◽  
Minh-Quang Tran ◽  
Karar Mahmoud ◽  
Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour ◽  
Matti Lehtonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Online Monitoring ◽  
Cyber Attacks

scholarly journals Utilising Flow Aggregation to Classify Benign Imitating Attacks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1761
Author(s):  
Hanan Hindy ◽  
Robert Atkinson ◽  
Christos Tachtatzis ◽  
Ethan Bayne ◽  
Miroslav Bures ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Network Traffic ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Computational Power ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
Flow Aggregation ◽  
Additional Level ◽  
Attack Surfaces

Cyber-attacks continue to grow, both in terms of volume and sophistication. This is aided by an increase in available computational power, expanding attack surfaces, and advancements in the human understanding of how to make attacks undetectable. Unsurprisingly, machine learning is utilised to defend against these attacks. In many applications, the choice of features is more important than the choice of model. A range of studies have, with varying degrees of success, attempted to discriminate between benign traffic and well-known cyber-attacks. The features used in these studies are broadly similar and have demonstrated their effectiveness in situations where cyber-attacks do not imitate benign behaviour. To overcome this barrier, in this manuscript, we introduce new features based on a higher level of abstraction of network traffic. Specifically, we perform flow aggregation by grouping flows with similarities. This additional level of feature abstraction benefits from cumulative information, thus qualifying the models to classify cyber-attacks that mimic benign traffic. The performance of the new features is evaluated using the benchmark CICIDS2017 dataset, and the results demonstrate their validity and effectiveness. This novel proposal will improve the detection accuracy of cyber-attacks and also build towards a new direction of feature extraction for complex ones.

Human Factors in Interactive Machine Learning: A Cybersecurity Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1495-1499
Author(s):  
Mark H. Chignell ◽  
Mu-Huan Chung ◽  
Yuhong Yang ◽  
Greg Cento ◽  
Abhay Raman
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Implicit Knowledge ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Transfer Data ◽  
Interactive Machine Learning

Cybersecurity is emerging as a major issue for many organizations and countries. Machine learning has been used to recognize threats, but it is difficult to predict future threats based on past events, since malicious attackers are constantly finding ways to circumvent defences and the algorithms that they rely on. Interactive Machine learning (iML) has been developed as a way to combine human and algorithmic expertise in a variety of domains and we are currently applying it to cybersecurity. In this application of iML, implicit knowledge about human behaviour, and about the changing nature of threats, can supplement the explicit knowledge encoded in algorithms to create more effective defences against cyber-attacks. In this paper we present the example problem of data exfiltration where insiders, or outsiders masquerading as insiders, who copy and transfer data maliciously, against the interests of an organization. We will review human factors issues associated with the development of iML solutions for data exfiltration. We also present a case study involving development of an iML solution for a large financial services company. In this case study we review work carried out on developing visualization dashboards and discussing prospects for further iML integration. Our goal in writing this paper is to motivate future researchers to consider the role of the human more fully in ML, not only in the data exfiltration and cybersecurity domain but also in a range of other applications where human expertise is important and needs to combine with ML prediction to solve challenging problems.

Machine Learning Forensics

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-66
Author(s):  
Angad Gupta ◽  
Ruchika Gupta ◽  
A. Sankaran
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Cyber Defense ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
Malicious Activity ◽  
Malicious Behavior ◽  
Normal Behavior

Machine learning (without human interference) can collect, analyze, and process data. In the case of cyber security, this technology helps to better analyze previous cyber-attacks and develop respective defense responses. This approach enables an automated cyber defense system with a minimum-skilled cyber security force. There are high expectations for machine learning (ML) in cyber security, and for good reasons. With the help of ML algorithms, we can sift through massive amounts of security events looking for anomalies, deviations from normal behavior that are often indicative of malicious activity. These findings are then presented to the analyst for review and vetting, and the results of his determination fed back into the system for training. As we process more and more data through the system, it evolves: it learns to recognize similar events and, eventually, the underlying traits of malicious behavior that we're trying to detect. This chapter explores machine learning forensics.

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