Phyllotaxy and Floral Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-63
Author(s):  
Fernando Ramírez ◽  
Thomas Lee Davenport
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development

Effect of the Stages of Floral Development and Postharvest Temperatures to Flowering of Eremurus in Israel

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 536d-536
Author(s):  
Rina Kamenetsky
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Floral Differentiation ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Very High ◽  
Development Application ◽  
Flowering Process

The influence of postharvest temperature on the flowering response of Eremurus was studied. The plants were harvested at four different stages of development and were separated into three groups. The first group was immediately exposed to 2 °C, the second group to 20 °C followed by 2 °C, and the third group to 20 °C followed by 32 °C and, subsequently, 2 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for concurrent morphological analysis of floral development. Application of 2 °C to the plants in the initial stage of floral development caused plant destruction and death, while the same treatment applied at the stage of full differentiation promoted normal flowering. Temperatures of 20 °C and, especially, 32 °C, significantly improved flowering of the plants harvested in the early stages of florogenesis, whereas the same treatment applied to the plants harvested at the end of flower differentiation did not affect the flowering process. A developmental disorder, which we term “Interrupted Floral Development” (IFD), was observed only in the plants harvested when the racemes were fully differentiated. This was probably caused by the very high air and soil temperatures that prevail in Israel during the summer. The extent of floral differentiation has a determinant role in subsequent scape elongation and flowering.

scholarly journals Ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene action over senescence of nasturtium flowers

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania P Silva ◽  
Fernando L Finger
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Premature Senescence ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
The Third ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Floral Bud

ABSTRACT: This work describes ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) action on post-harvest shelf life of four development stages of nasturtium flowers. To reach this goal, we carried out three experiments. In the first and second experiments, we studied five ethylene (0; 0.1; 1; 10; 100 and 1000 μL/L) and three 1-MCP concentrations (0.25; 0.5 and 0.75 μL/L), respectively. In the third experiment, 1-MCP was followed by combined with ethylene (only 1-MCP; only ethylene; and 24 hours of exposure to 0.75 μL/L 1-MCP followed by 24 hours of exposure to 100 μL/L ethylene). All experiments had two control treatments, one keeping non-exposed flowers inside and another outside exposure chambers. Experiments were set in factorial design, in complete blocks at random, with four 10-flower replications each. Flower senescence was determined by a pre-established visual scale and by observing floral bud development. Ethylene dose above 10 μL/L induced flower wilting and premature senescence from the second floral development stage. Furthermore, higher concentrations of exogenous ethylene promoted irregular flower opening and/or morphological abnormalities in opened flowers. 1-MCP effectively extended post-harvest longevity of nasturtium flowers, independent of the concentration and even in the presence of exogenous ethylene.

scholarly journals Phloem-Feeding Herbivores Affect Floral Development and Reproduction in the Etruscan Honeysuckle (Lonicera etrusca Santi)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 815
Author(s):  
Sandra V. Rojas-Nossa ◽  
José María Sánchez ◽  
Luis Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Complex Landscape ◽  
Fruit And Seed Set ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Floral development depends on multifactor processes related to genetic, physiological, and ecological pathways. Plants respond to herbivores by activating mechanisms aimed at tolerating, compensating, or avoiding loss of biomass and nutrients, and thereby survive in a complex landscape of interactions. Thus, plants need to overcome trade-offs between development, growth, and reproduction vs. the initiation of anti-herbivore defences. This study aims to assess the frequency of phloem-feeding herbivores in wild populations of the Etruscan honeysuckle (Lonicera etrusca Santi) and study their effects on floral development and reproduction. The incidence of herbivory by the honeysuckle aphid (Hyadaphis passerinii del Guercio) was assessed in three wild populations of the Iberian Peninsula. The effect of herbivory on floral morphology, micromorphology of stigmas and pollen, floral rewards, pollination, and fruit and seed set were studied. The herbivory by aphids reduces the size of flowers and pollen. Additionally, it stops nectar synthesis and causes malformation in pollen and microstructures of stigmas, affecting pollination. As a consequence, fruit set and seed weight are reduced. This work provides evidence of the changes induced by phloem-feeding herbivores in floral development and functioning that affect the ecological processes necessary to maintain the reproductive success of plants.

scholarly journals Seed Set Patterns in East African Highland Cooking Bananas Are Dependent on Weather before, during and after Pollination

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Allan Waniale ◽  
Rony Swennen ◽  
Settumba B. Mukasa ◽  
Arthur K. Tugume ◽  
Jerome Kubiriba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Fruit Pulp ◽  
East African ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Wild Banana

Seed set in banana is influenced by weather, yet the key weather attributes and the critical period of influence are unknown. We therefore investigated the influence of weather during floral development for a better perspective of seed set increase. Three East African highland cooking bananas (EAHBs) were pollinated with pollen fertile wild banana ‘Calcutta 4′. At full maturity, bunches were harvested, ripened, and seeds extracted from fruit pulp. Pearson’s correlation analysis was then conducted between seed set per 100 fruits per bunch and weather attributes at 15-day intervals from 105 days before pollination (DBP) to 120 days after pollination (DAP). Seed set was positively correlated with average temperature (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = 0.196–0.487) and negatively correlated with relative humidity (RH) (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = −0.158–−0.438) between 75 DBP and the time of pollination. After pollination, average temperature was negatively correlated with seed set in ‘Mshale’ and ‘Nshonowa’ from 45 to 120 DAP (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = −0.213–−0.340). Correlation coefficients were highest at 15 DBP for ‘Mshale’ and ‘Nshonowa’, whereas for ‘Enzirabahima’, the highest were at the time of pollination. Maximum temperature as revealed by principal component analysis at the time of pollination should be the main focus for seed set increase.

The potential digestibility of cellulose in grasses and its relationship with chemical and anatomical parameters

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

SUMMARYPotential cellulose digestibility, measured by incubation in vitrofor 6 days, decreased during floral development in perennial ryegrass, Wimmera ryegrass, cocksfoot, oat and tall fescue. The rate of decline was slower than for cellulose digestibility measured after incubation in vitro for 2 days only. Morphological fractions ranked in order of descending potential cellulose digestibility – leaf blade, inflorescence, leaf sheath and stem.Lignin content was determined chemically by the method of Van Soest (1963) and lignified tissue was assessed by staining transverse sections of leaf blades and leaf sheaths with safranin and fast green. Both lignin and lignified tissue increased with maturity. Lignified tissue increased mainly through increase in the number of scleren-chyma cells, but was also affected by the formation of lacunae or cavities between the vascular bundles in leaf blades of cocksfoot and in leaf sheaths of all species studied. For 19 samples of leaf blades and leaf sheaths, potential cellulose digestibility had significant negative correlations with both lignin content (r = -0·862) and lignified tissue (r = -0·905). Limitations to the techniques used to assess lignification and further factors which may affect the relationship between lignification and potential cellulose digestibility are discussed.

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