A Probabilistic Modelling Approach to Analyze the Impact of Electric Vehicles on Residential Load Profiles

This article outlines methods to facilitate the assessment of the impact of electric vehicle charging on distribution networks at planning stage and applies them to a case study. As network planning is becoming a more complex task, an approach to automated network planning that yields the optimal reinforcement strategy is outlined. Different reinforcement measures are weighted against each other in terms of technical feasibility and costs by applying a genetic algorithm. Traditional reinforcements as well as novel solutions including voltage regulation are considered. To account for electric vehicle charging, a method to determine the uptake in equivalent load is presented. For this, measured data of households and statistical data of electric vehicles are combined in a stochastic analysis to determine the simultaneity factors of household load including electric vehicle charging. The developed methods are applied to an exemplary case study with Norwegian low-voltage networks. Different penetration rates of electric vehicles on a development path until 2040 are considered.

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Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13105726 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 5726

Author(s):

Aleksandra Wewer ◽

Pinar Bilge ◽

Franz Dietrich

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Life Cycles ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Areas ◽

Study Results ◽

The Impact

Electromobility is a new approach to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the deceleration of global warming. Its environmental impacts are often compared to traditional mobility solutions based on gasoline or diesel engines. The comparison pertains mostly to the single life cycle of a battery. The impact of multiple life cycles remains an important, and yet unanswered, question. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate advances of 2nd life applications for lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles based on their energy demand. Therefore, it highlights the limitations of a conventional life cycle analysis (LCA) and presents a supplementary method of analysis by providing the design and results of a meta study on the environmental impact of lithium ion batteries. The study focuses on energy demand, and investigates its total impact for different cases considering 2nd life applications such as (C1) material recycling, (C2) repurposing and (C3) reuse. Required reprocessing methods such as remanufacturing of batteries lie at the basis of these 2nd life applications. Batteries are used in their 2nd lives for stationary energy storage (C2, repurpose) and electric vehicles (C3, reuse). The study results confirm that both of these 2nd life applications require less energy than the recycling of batteries at the end of their first life and the production of new batteries. The paper concludes by identifying future research areas in order to generate precise forecasts for 2nd life applications and their industrial dissemination.

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Analysis of EV Cost-Based Charging Load Profiles

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2020065002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 2

Author(s):

Elisavet Koutsi ◽

Sotirios Deligiannis ◽

Georgia Athanasiadou ◽

Dimitra Zarbouti ◽

George Tsoulos

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

User Preferences ◽

Reference Scenario ◽

Electricity Prices ◽

Horizon 2020 ◽

Vehicle To Grid ◽

Electrical Grid ◽

Incentive Strategies ◽

Grid Load ◽

The Impact

During the last few decades, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising sustainable alternative to traditional fuel cars. The work presented here is carried out in the context of the Horizon 2020 project MERLON and targets the impact of EVs on electrical grid load profiles, while considering both grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operation modes. Three different charging policies are considered: the uncontrolled charging, which acts as a reference scenario, and two strategies that fall under the umbrella of individual charging policies based on price incentive strategies. Electricity prices along with the EV user preferences are taken into account for both charging (G2V) and discharging (V2G) operations, allowing for more realistic scenarios to be considered.

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Electric Vehicles in Jordan: Challenges and Limitations

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13063199 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 3199

Author(s):

Laith Shalalfeh ◽

Ashraf AlShalalfeh ◽

Khaled Alkaradsheh ◽

Mahmoud Alhamarneh ◽

Ahmad Bashaireh

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Distribution System ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

System Stability ◽

Loading Conditions ◽

Stability Margins ◽

High Penetration ◽

Node Distribution ◽

The Impact

An increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs) are replacing gasoline vehicles in the automobile market due to the economic and environmental benefits. The high penetration of EVs is one of the main challenges in the future smart grid. As a result of EV charging, an excessive overloading is expected in different elements of the power system, especially at the distribution level. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of EVs on the distribution system under three loading conditions (light, intermediate, and full). For each case, we estimate the maximum number of EVs that can be charged simultaneously before reaching different system limitations, including the undervoltage, overcurrent, and transformer capacity limit. Finally, we use the 19-node distribution system to study these limitations under different loading conditions. The 19-node system is one of the typical distribution systems in Jordan. Our work estimates the upper limit of the possible EV penetration before reaching the system stability margins.

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Privileging Electric Vehicles as an Element of Promoting Sustainable Urban Mobility—Effects on the Local Transport System in a Large Metropolis in Poland

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14133838 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (13) ◽

pp. 3838

Author(s):

Marta Borowska-Stefańska ◽

Michał Kowalski ◽

Paulina Kurzyk ◽

Miroslava Mikušová ◽

Szymon Wiśniewski

Keyword(s):

Transport System ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Traffic Management ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Software Tool ◽

Research Area ◽

Shopping Centre ◽

Local Transport ◽

Sustainable Urban Mobility ◽

The Impact

The main purpose of this article was to determine the impact on the equilibrium of the local transport system from privileging EVs by permitting them to use bus lanes. The study used two sets of data: information on infrastructure and traffic management; and information on the recorded road network loads and traffic volumes generated by a given shopping centre—the E. Leclerc shopping centre (an important traffic generator within the city of Łódź, Poland). These sets were then used to develop a microsimulation traffic model for the shopping centre and the associated effects on the localised transport system. The model was constructed by means of the PTV Vissim software tool. An initial simulation was conducted that formed a basis for subsequent scenarios (in total, 17 simulations were performed). On the basis of the conducted analyses, it was established that—for the researched part of the transport system—privileging the still rather uncommon battery electric vehicles (BEVs) engendered a marginal deterioration of traffic conditions. At the same time, allowing BEVs to use bus lanes within the chosen research area had no negative impact on bus journey times.

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The Development of Strategies to Reduce Exhaust Emissions from Passenger Cars in Rzeszow City—Poland. A Preliminary Assessment of the Results Produced by the Increase of E-Fleet

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041046 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1046

Author(s):

Maksymilian Mądziel ◽

Tiziana Campisi ◽

Artur Jaworski ◽

Giovanni Tesoriere

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Present Report ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Strategic Choices ◽

Passenger Cars ◽

Particulate Concentration ◽

The Impact

Urban agglomerations close to road infrastructure are particularly exposed to harmful exhaust emissions from motor vehicles and this problem is exacerbated at road intersections. Roundabouts are one of the most popular intersection designs in recent years, making traffic flow smoother and safer, but especially at peak times they are subject to numerous stop-and-go operations by vehicles, which increase the dispersion of emissions with high particulate matter rates. The study focused on a specific area of the city of Rzeszow in Poland. This country is characterized by the current composition of vehicle fleets connected to combustion engine vehicles. The measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) by means of a preliminary survey campaign in the vicinity of the intersection made it possible to assess the impact of vehicle traffic on the dispersion of pollutants in the air. The present report presents some strategies to be implemented in the examined area considering a comparison of current and project scenarios characterized both by a modification of the road geometry (through the introduction of a turbo roundabout) and the composition of the vehicular flow with the forthcoming diffusion of electric vehicles. The study presents an exemplified methodology for comparing scenarios aimed at optimizing strategic choices for the local administration and also shows the benefits of an increased electric fleet. By processing the data with specific tools and comparing the scenarios, it was found that a conversion of 25% of the motor vehicles to electric vehicles in the current fleet has reduced the concentration of PM10 by about 30% along the ring road, has led to a significant reduction in the length of particulate concentration of the motorway, and it has also led to a significant reduction in the length of the particulate concentration for the access roads to the intersection.

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