scholarly journals Scaling New Ventures

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-117
Author(s):  
Dean A. Shepherd ◽  
Holger Patzelt
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Large Organization ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Entrepreneurship Theory ◽  
Growth Scaling ◽  
Recent Editorial

AbstractAlthough scaling is a “hot topic” in the practitioner literature, it has mostly been ignored (at least explicitly) in the academic literature. Building on a recent editorial, this chapter highlights the importance of scaling for new venture growth. Scaling refers to spreading excellence within a venture as it grows (organically or through acquisition) from a new (and often small) organization to an established, large organization (Shepherd & Patzelt in Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 10.1177/1042258720950599, 2020). In this chapter, we explore the drivers and consequences of scaling and explain how knowledge management facilitates scaling, how founder replacement impacts scaling, and how current scaling influences subsequent scaling.

ENTREPRENEURIAL CAPITAL: EXAMINING LINKAGES IN HUMAN AND SOCIAL CAPITAL OF NEW VENTURES

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 1250009 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK T. SCHENKEL ◽  
RODNEY R. D'SOUZA ◽  
CHARLES H. MATTHEWS
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
Entrepreneurship Theory ◽  
Human And Social Capital ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
Entrepreneurial Capital ◽  
The Relationship

Despite advancing extant theory, studies have tended to oversimplify the roles of human and social capital influences on nascent activity by underemphasizing the importance of motivational factors, construct dimensionality and context. This study seeks to extend previous efforts by investigating the relationship between various forms of human and social capital in the new venture creation process, both generally and across high and low technological contexts. Findings show that certain aspects of human capital are systematically related to certain aspects of social capital regardless of technological context, suggesting that nascent entrepreneurs may benefit more broadly from engaging in systematic efforts to construct certain types of social capital in support of venturing activities. Equally important, these findings support the central proposition that entrepreneurship theory and practice will benefit from more focused research efforts to generate insights into the dynamic relationships between individuals, their social worlds and entrepreneurial outcomes.

scholarly journals A Lean Framework for Starting a New Venture

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-71
Author(s):  
Dean A. Shepherd ◽  
Holger Patzelt
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
Entrepreneurship Theory ◽  
Contextual Characteristics ◽  
Lean Startup

AbstractThe lean startup framework is one of the most popular contributions in the practitioner-oriented entrepreneurship literature. This chapter builds on a recent paper (Shepherd & Gruber in Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 10.1177/1042258719899415, 2020) to highlight new insights into how new ventures are started based on the lean startup framework. Specifically, we describe the origin of the lean startup framework and its five main building blocks—(1) identifying and evaluating market opportunities in startups, (2) designing business models, (3) engaging in validated learning (including customer development), (4) building minimum viable products, and (5) learning whether to persevere with or pivot from the current course of action. We organize these building blocks into a framework suggesting how considering the contextual characteristics of and the interdependencies between the building blocks can enrich our understanding of using the lean startup framework to start a new venture.

Does it pay to bribe? The influence of bribery on new venture disbanding in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-196
Author(s):  
Jintong Tang ◽  
Zhi Tang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Resource Dependence Theory ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Resource Based View ◽  
Dependence Theory ◽  
Chinese Entrepreneurs

This research extends bribery research toward entrepreneurial theory and practice by examining how bribery impacts new venture disbanding in China. Existing research suggests that bribery may enhance firms’ competitive advantage; however, building off of resource-based view and taking into consideration the institutional context in China, the current study proposes that firm bribery activity hurts new ventures by increasing the hazard of venture disbanding. Further, guided by resource dependence theory, this study examines how local economic development and organizing activity moderate the relation between bribery and disbanding. In particular, it is proposed that when local economic development is suffering, or when firms are not engaging in appropriate organizing activities, bribery will lead to higher chance of new venture disbanding. Data from Chinese entrepreneurs support these hypotheses.

scholarly journals WITHDRAWN–Administrative Duplicate Publication—Does Desperation Breed Deceiver? A Behavioral Model of New Venture Opportunism

2018 ◽  
pp. etap.12279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Jiang ◽  
Albert A. Cannella ◽  
Jie Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Entrepreneurship Theory ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Kiss, A. N., Fernhaber, S., & McDougall–Covin, P. P. (2018). Slack, Innovation, and Export Intensity: Implications for Small– and Medium–Sized Enterprises. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Jiang, H., Cannella, A. A., & Jiao, J. (2018). Does Desperation Breed Deceiver? A Behavioral Model of New Venture Opportunism. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Hechavarría, D. M., Terjesen, S. A., Stenholm, P., Brännback, M., & Lång, S. (2018). More than Words: Do Gendered Linguistic Structures Widen the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Activity? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Verver, M., & Koning, J. (2018). Toward a Kinship Perspective on Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Fang He, V., Sirén, C., Singh, S., Solomon, G., & von Krogh, G. (2018). Keep Calm and Carry On: Emotion Regulation in Entrepreneurs’ Learning from Failure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Smolka, K. M., Verheul, I., Burmeister–Lamp, K., & Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. (2018). Get it Together! Synergistic Effects of Causal and Effectual Decision–Making Logics on Venture Performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Covin, J. G., Garrett, R. P., Gupta, J. P., Kuratko, D. F., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018). The Interdependence of Planning and Learning among Internal Corporate Ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Schwens, C., Zapkau, F. B., Bierwerth, M., Isidor, R., Knight, G., & Kabst, R. (2018). International Entrepreneurship: A Meta–Analysis on the Internationalization and Performance Relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Li, C., Isidor, R., Dau, L. A., & Kabst, R. (2018). The More the Merrier? Immigrant Share and Entrepreneurial Activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Articles Withdrawn by Publisher SAGE Publishing regrets that these articles, due to an administrative error, were accidentally published OnlineFirst and in Volume 42 Issue 4 or in Volume 42 Issue 5 with different DOIs. The correct and citable versions of the articles remain Kiss, A. N., Fernhaber, S., & McDougall–Covin, P. P. (2018). Slack, Innovation, and Export Intensity: Implications for Small– and Medium–Sized Enterprises. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 671–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795318 Jiang, H., Cannella, A. A., & Jiao, J. (2018). Does Desperation Breed Deceiver? A Behavioral Model of New Venture Opportunism. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 769–796. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795347 Hechavarría, D. M., Terjesen, S. A., Stenholm, P., Brännback, M., & Lång, S. (2018). More than Words: Do Gendered Linguistic Structures Widen the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Activity? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 797–817. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795350 Verver, M., & Koning, J. (2018). Toward a Kinship Perspective on Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 631–666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783431 Fang He, V., Sirén, C., Singh, S., Solomon, G., & von Krogh, G. (2018). Keep Calm and Carry On: Emotion Regulation in Entrepreneurs’ Learning from Failure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 605–630. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783428 Smolka, K. M., Verheul, I., Burmeister–Lamp, K., & Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. (2018). Get it Together! Synergistic Effects of Causal and Effectual Decision–Making Logics on Venture Performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 571–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783429 Covin, J. G., Garrett, R. P., Gupta, J. P., Kuratko, D. F., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018). The Interdependence of Planning and Learning among Internal Corporate Ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 537–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783430 Schwens, C., Zapkau, F. B., Bierwerth, M., Isidor, R., Knight, G., & Kabst, R. (2018). International Entrepreneurship: A Meta–Analysis on the Internationalization and Performance Relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 734–768. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795346 Li, C., Isidor, R., Dau, L. A., & Kabst, R. (2018). The More the Merrier? Immigrant Share and Entrepreneurial Activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 698–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795344

WITHDRAWN–Administrative Duplicate Publication—The More the Merrier? Immigrant Share and Entrepreneurial Activities

2018 ◽  
pp. etap.12277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengguang Li ◽  
Rodrigo Isidor ◽  
Luis Alfonso Dau ◽  
Rudy Kabst
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Entrepreneurship Theory ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Kiss, A. N., Fernhaber, S., & McDougall–Covin, P. P. (2018). Slack, Innovation, and Export Intensity: Implications for Small– and Medium–Sized Enterprises. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Jiang, H., Cannella, A. A., & Jiao, J. (2018). Does Desperation Breed Deceiver? A Behavioral Model of New Venture Opportunism. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Hechavarría, D. M., Terjesen, S. A., Stenholm, P., Brännback, M., & Lång, S. (2018). More than Words: Do Gendered Linguistic Structures Widen the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Activity? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Verver, M., & Koning, J. (2018). Toward a Kinship Perspective on Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Fang He, V., Sirén, C., Singh, S., Solomon, G., & von Krogh, G. (2018). Keep Calm and Carry On: Emotion Regulation in Entrepreneurs’ Learning from Failure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Smolka, K. M., Verheul, I., Burmeister–Lamp, K., & Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. (2018). Get it Together! Synergistic Effects of Causal and Effectual Decision–Making Logics on Venture Performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Covin, J. G., Garrett, R. P., Gupta, J. P., Kuratko, D. F., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018). The Interdependence of Planning and Learning among Internal Corporate Ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Schwens, C., Zapkau, F. B., Bierwerth, M., Isidor, R., Knight, G., & Kabst, R. (2018). International Entrepreneurship: A Meta–Analysis on the Internationalization and Performance Relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Li, C., Isidor, R., Dau, L. A., & Kabst, R. (2018). The More the Merrier? Immigrant Share and Entrepreneurial Activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Articles Withdrawn by Publisher SAGE Publishing regrets that these articles, due to an administrative error, were accidentally published OnlineFirst and in Volume 42 Issue 4 or in Volume 42 Issue 5 with different DOIs. The correct and citable versions of the articles remain Kiss, A. N., Fernhaber, S., & McDougall–Covin, P. P. (2018). Slack, Innovation, and Export Intensity: Implications for Small– and Medium–Sized Enterprises. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 671–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795318 Jiang, H., Cannella, A. A., & Jiao, J. (2018). Does Desperation Breed Deceiver? A Behavioral Model of New Venture Opportunism. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 769–796. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795347 Hechavarría, D. M., Terjesen, S. A., Stenholm, P., Brännback, M., & Lång, S. (2018). More than Words: Do Gendered Linguistic Structures Widen the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Activity? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 797–817. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795350 Verver, M., & Koning, J. (2018). Toward a Kinship Perspective on Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 631–666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783431 Fang He, V., Sirén, C., Singh, S., Solomon, G., & von Krogh, G. (2018). Keep Calm and Carry On: Emotion Regulation in Entrepreneurs’ Learning from Failure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 605–630. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783428 Smolka, K. M., Verheul, I., Burmeister–Lamp, K., & Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. (2018). Get it Together! Synergistic Effects of Causal and Effectual Decision–Making Logics on Venture Performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 571–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783429 Covin, J. G., Garrett, R. P., Gupta, J. P., Kuratko, D. F., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018). The Interdependence of Planning and Learning among Internal Corporate Ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 537–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783430 Schwens, C., Zapkau, F. B., Bierwerth, M., Isidor, R., Knight, G., & Kabst, R. (2018). International Entrepreneurship: A Meta–Analysis on the Internationalization and Performance Relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 734–768. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795346 Li, C., Isidor, R., Dau, L. A., & Kabst, R. (2018). The More the Merrier? Immigrant Share and Entrepreneurial Activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 698–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795344

scholarly journals Absorptive capacity in startups: A systematic literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-95
Author(s):  
Ximena Alejandra Flechas Chaparro ◽  
◽  
Ricardo Kozesinski ◽  
Alceu Salles Camargo Júnior ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Research Agenda

Purpose: Several scholars have pointed out that absorptive capacity (AC) is critical for the innovation process in large firms. However, many other authors consider startups as key drivers for innovation in the current global economy. Therefore, this article aims to identify how the concept of AC has been addressed in the new venture context. Methodology: A systematic literature review analyzing 220 papers published between 2001 and 2018. Findings: The systematic literature review identifies three clusters of research addressing AC in startups: Knowledge, Innovation, and Performance, along with the central authors of the discussion, the main contributions, theoretical references, and their future research agenda guidelines. Implications for theory and practice: This study contributes to the innovation and entrepreneurship literature by connecting the importance of AC and new venture creation, and providing a better understanding of how entrepreneurs could enhance their innovative processes. Originality and value: Based on the analysis of the literature review, a framework that differentiates knowledge acquisition strategies for new ventures was created. The framework categorizes the strategies according to the knowledge source (i.e., internal or external) and the degree of intentionality (i.e., formal or informal).

WITHDRAWN–Administrative Duplicate Publication—Toward a Kinship Perspective on Entrepreneurship

2018 ◽  
pp. etap.12274
Author(s):  
Michiel Verver ◽  
Juliette Koning
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Entrepreneurship Theory ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Kiss, A. N., Fernhaber, S., & McDougall–Covin, P. P. (2018). Slack, Innovation, and Export Intensity: Implications for Small– and Medium–Sized Enterprises. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.Jiang, H., Cannella, A. A., & Jiao, J. (2018). Does Desperation Breed Deceiver? A Behavioral Model of New Venture Opportunism. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.Hechavarría, D. M., Terjesen, S. A., Stenholm, P., Brännback, M., & Lång, S. (2018). More than Words: Do Gendered Linguistic Structures Widen the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Activity? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.Verver, M., & Koning, J. (2018). Toward a Kinship Perspective on Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.Fang He, V., Sirén, C., Singh, S., Solomon, G., & von Krogh, G. (2018). Keep Calm and Carry On: Emotion Regulation in Entrepreneurs’ Learning from Failure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.Smolka, K. M., Verheul, I., Burmeister–Lamp, K., & Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. (2018). Get it Together! Synergistic Effects of Causal and Effectual Decision–Making Logics on Venture Performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.Covin, J. G., Garrett, R. P., Gupta, J. P., Kuratko, D. F., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018). The Interdependence of Planning and Learning among Internal Corporate Ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.Schwens, C., Zapkau, F. B., Bierwerth, M., Isidor, R., Knight, G., & Kabst, R. (2018). International Entrepreneurship: A Meta–Analysis on the Internationalization and Performance Relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.Li, C., Isidor, R., Dau, L. A., & Kabst, R. (2018). The More the Merrier? Immigrant Share and Entrepreneurial Activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.Articles Withdrawn by PublisherSAGE Publishing regrets that these articles, due to an administrative error, were accidentally published OnlineFirst and in Volume 42 Issue 4 or in Volume 42 Issue 5 with different DOIs. The correct and citable versions of the articles remain Kiss, A. N., Fernhaber, S., & McDougall–Covin, P. P. (2018). Slack, Innovation, and Export Intensity: Implications for Small– and Medium–Sized Enterprises. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 671–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795318 Jiang, H., Cannella, A. A., & Jiao, J. (2018). Does Desperation Breed Deceiver? A Behavioral Model of New Venture Opportunism. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 769–796. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795347 Hechavarría, D. M., Terjesen, S. A., Stenholm, P., Brännback, M., & Lång, S. (2018). More than Words: Do Gendered Linguistic Structures Widen the Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Activity? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 797–817. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795350 Verver, M., & Koning, J. (2018). Toward a Kinship Perspective on Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 631–666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783431 Fang He, V., Sirén, C., Singh, S., Solomon, G., & von Krogh, G. (2018). Keep Calm and Carry On: Emotion Regulation in Entrepreneurs’ Learning from Failure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 605–630. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783428 Smolka, K. M., Verheul, I., Burmeister–Lamp, K., & Heugens, P. P. M. A. R. (2018). Get it Together! Synergistic Effects of Causal and Effectual Decision–Making Logics on Venture Performance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 571–604. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783429 Covin, J. G., Garrett, R. P., Gupta, J. P., Kuratko, D. F., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018). The Interdependence of Planning and Learning among Internal Corporate Ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 537–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783430 Schwens, C., Zapkau, F. B., Bierwerth, M., Isidor, R., Knight, G., & Kabst, R. (2018). International Entrepreneurship: A Meta–Analysis on the Internationalization and Performance Relationship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 734–768. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795346 Li, C., Isidor, R., Dau, L. A., & Kabst, R. (2018). The More the Merrier? Immigrant Share and Entrepreneurial Activities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(5), 698–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258718795344

Editorial: Transnational Marketing

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sirkeci
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Marketing Theory ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Organization Structures ◽  
Innovative Thinking ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Resource Environment

Transnational Marketing Journal is a new scholarly, peer-reviewed journal is dedicated to disseminating high quality contemporary research into transnational marketing practices and scholarship while encouraging critical approaches in the development of marketing theory and practice. It is an exciting new venture for us and we would like to invite innovative thinking, scholarship, and current research into marketing practices and challenges crossing national borders.In Transnational Marketing and Transnational Consumers, Transnational Marketing is defined “as understanding and addressing customer needs, wants and desires in their own country of residence and beyond and in borderless cultural contexts with the help of synergies emerging across national boundaries and transfer of expertise and advantages between markets where the organization operates transnationally with a transnational mentality supported by transnational organization structures and without compromising the sustainability of any target markets and resource environment offering satisfactory exchanges between the parties involved” (Sirkeci, 2013: vii).

The nature of entrepreneurial orientation strength: the impact of shared values on firm performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Laurence G. Weinzimmer ◽  
Eric J. Michel ◽  
Jennifer Robin
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Revenue Growth ◽  
Entrepreneurship Theory ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Strong Culture

Abstract Drawing on Wales, Monsen, and McKelvie's (2011, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 895–923) model of entrepreneurial orientation pervasiveness and the strong culture hypothesis (Denison, 1984, Organization Dynamics, 13, 4–22), this study investigates how entrepreneurial orientation (EO) strength, defined as the level of agreement in the shared perceptions of EO, serves as a boundary condition of the EO–firm performance relationship. Four field studies provide evidence for a valid and reliable 10-item multidimensional measure of entrepreneurial orientation, the EO-10, which in turn, may be used to assess EO strength. We establish content and construct validity of the EO-10 (study 1; n = 447 employees), criterion-related validity with revenue growth and sales growth (study 2; n = 412 employees in 43 profit centers), and convergent validity with Covin and Slevin's (1989, Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75–87) 9-item measure (study 3; n = 291 employees). Finally, in study 4 (n = 853 employees nested in 22 organizations), we demonstrate the interactive effects of EO and EO strength on profit growth and revenue growth. In sum, this study provides conceptual and empirical evidence for the importance of EO strength as a moderator of the EO–firm performance relationship.

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