Does National Gender Equality Matter? Gender Difference in the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Human Capital and Entrepreneurial Intention

Gender equality contributes to economic growth and social progress by promoting women’s social and economic participation. The national gender equality level can affect women’s education and opportunities for economic participation. In this work, we examine whether entrepreneurial human capital (entrepreneurial education and experience) affects entrepreneurial intention and whether these relationships depend on gender and a country’s gender equality level. We used Global Entrepreneurship Trend Report (GETR) data provided by the Korean Entrepreneurship Foundation. The global survey was conducted by the Korean National Statistical Office in 2016. The data were collected from 20 countries, including Korea, and contain at least 2000 individual responses from each country. We used HLM analysis with the HLM 6.0 program to examine the hypotheses. Our results show that entrepreneurship education increases entrepreneurial intention, and that the relationship is stronger among women than men. We also found that for women, the positive relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention is stronger in countries with lower gender equality. As for prior entrepreneurial experience, neither gender nor national gender equality level moderated the relationship between experience and entrepreneurial intention. This study contributes to the extension of entrepreneurship theory, especially in the area of women entrepreneurship. We confirm that entrepreneurial human capital contributes to entrepreneurial intention, and that gender and national gender equality level comprise an important social context that influences the effects of education and experience on the entrepreneurial intention of women.

The perception of success in the halal market: developing a halal entrepreneurship success scale

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how Halal entrepreneurs perceive success and accordingly develop a novel scale to measure Halal entrepreneurship success. Design/methodology/approach A sequential mixed methodology was used to develop the Halal entrepreneurship success scale (HESS). The qualitative phase began with a literature review to gain insights into (Halal) entrepreneurship success and identify gaps. Ten respondents were then interviewed to understand how they perceive success. The scale items were then generated based on insights from the literature and the interview findings. The quantitative phase was carried out in two cycles. In the first cycle, a questionnaire was developed and pilot data were collected from a representative sample of 100 respondents. In the second cycle, the revised scale was tested on 300 respondents to confirm its final items and dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used in the quantitative phase. Findings The final HESS scale contains 24 items divided into four dimensions: Islamic success (seven items), economic success (six items), social success (five items) and environmental success (six items). Originality/value This scale is perhaps the first to measure entrepreneurial success in its association with religion. It is expected to be a useful contribution to entrepreneurship theory and the Halal industry. The paper presents a foundation for future works on how to define the measures of success of Halal entrepreneurs.

Algorithms and venture investment decisions: better, fairer or biased?

PurposeThis paper is a rejoinder to the work of Blohm, Antretter, and colleagues recently published in both Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice and Harvard Business Review titled “It's a Peoples Game, Isn't It?! A Comparison Between the Investment Returns of Business Angels and Machine Learning Algorithms” and “Do Algorithms Make Better – and Fairer – Investments than Angel Investors?”, respectively.Design/methodology/approachWhile we agree with authors of prior scholarship on the importance of counteracting human biases, honing expert intuition and optimizing the odds of success in investment decision-making contexts, in the spirit of open academic discourse, this paper respectfully challenges some of the underlying assumptions concerning algorithmic bias on which prior work is based.FindingsInvesting remains part art and part science, and while algorithms may begin to play a more significant role in investment decision-making, human intuition remains hard to imitate. In both people and in algorithms, sources of bias remain both implicit and explicit and often have systemic roots, so more research continues to be needed to fully understand why algorithms produce potentially biased outcomes across a wide array of contexts.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to our collective understanding on the use of algorithms in making investment decisions, highlighting the fact that bias exists in humans and algorithms alike, even when the best of intentions are present.

Positioning, Articulating, and Crafting Conceptual Articles on Entrepreneurship

Conceptual articles are important for theory building but the special challenges of developing conceptual articles on entrepreneurship has not been fully considered. We begin to fill this gap by discussing the nature of conceptual articles on entrepreneurship, particularly those geared for publication in Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. We introduce three dimensions of the entrepreneurship discipline—uniqueness, relevance, and multiplicity—and discuss how they can affect the positioning of conceptual articles and the articulation of their contribution. We also enumerate some basic principles for crafting good conceptual articles and present guidelines based on our discussion.

Organizing work and activities to cope with age – the role of entrepreneurship for individuals aged 50+

PurposeThe aim of this article is to discuss how age and entrepreneurship interact in the specific case of older (50+) entrepreneurs. Building on theories on entrepreneurship and theories on age and aging, the authors’ focus is on how such entrepreneurs relate to the building and running of a business organization. The authors discuss how entrepreneurship among the elderly plays out and how older entrepreneurs relate to the narratives on both age and entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachThis research comprises quantitative as well as qualitative studies. The authors show that qualitative methods that unfold the process over time are necessary and essential to fully understand how and why entrepreneurs start their own business and/or continue to run it at older ages.FindingsThe authors find that the choice to become an entrepreneur at the age of 50+ (or to stay as one) is not a goal in itself, becoming an entrepreneur is a means to stay active in the labor market.Originality/valueThe study findings add to entrepreneurship theory by insights on the link between entrepreneurship and the labor market where the authors argue that becoming an entrepreneur at ages 50+ might be more a question of choice of organizational form than a question on a way of living or occupation. The authors also contribute to theories on age by showing that entrepreneurs aged 50+ choose entrepreneurship as a means to be able to stay in the labor market.

ALIGNING ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND OPEN INNOVATION FOR BETTER EXPLANATION OF INDUSTRIAL TUNISIAN SMES PERFORMANCE

The main objective of this research is to examine the effect of the alignment as gestalt of Open Innovation and Entrepreneurial Orientation on the Industrial Tunisian SMEs performance. To achieve this aim, we carry out a quantitative survey with a questionnaire distributed to 110 Industrial Tunisian SMEs and mobilize the perspective of alignment as gestalt of the configurational approach. Our results reveal an empirical taxonomy which distinguishes four Tunisian SMEs configurations named, The Conservative Enclosed, The Committed Exceptional, The Vigilant Receptive and the Innovative Involved. Our findings show that The Committed Exceptional and Innovative Involved configurations register the same high level of performance. However, the Conservative Enclosed is the least performed unlike the Vigilant Receptive configuration which is characterized by an average level of performance. Overall, theoretical and empirical contributions are heralded to advance the relevance of Open Innovation approach to the entrepreneurship theory.

Unveiling Entrepreneurial Ecosystems’ Transformation: A GEM Based Portrait

Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (EEs) have attracted the attention of academics, practitioners, and policymakers, that attempt to unlock ‘a winning recipe’ considering the different EEs pillars in order to ignite entrepreneurship at large. Therefore, understanding the degree of influence of each pillar on Entrepreneurial Initiative (EI) is helpful in framing more effective policies towards entrepreneurship. This study aims to bring a new facet to entrepreneurship research, specifically on decomposing the transformation of EEs and the influence of EEs pillars on EI. The transformation of EEs is shown by a balanced panel approach based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) dataset over 8 years (2010–2017), comprising 18 countries. The study has several implications for entrepreneurship theory and practice as well as public policy since discusses three main issues, mainly supported by empirical results. First, the results show an unbalanced influence of EEs pillars on EI. Second, results also show the ineffectiveness of institutions in encouraging the desire to act entrepreneurially. Third, entrepreneurship needs to be part of the acculturation process evidencing the importance of collective normative. Therefore, providing the instruments and structures is not enough to encourage individuals to start an entrepreneurial journey. Generally, the results reveal that contextual determinants are significant in fostering entrepreneurial propensity to start a business. But the impact of the nine pillars is not equalized, revealing a fragmented influence with funding measures, R&D transfer, and cultural and social norms discouraging entrepreneurial initiative. Overall, the study contributes to the understanding of a multidimensional perspective on EEs and points future policy directions to overcome the lack of entrepreneurship and amend flawed entrepreneurship policies.

Analysis of the Early Entrepreneurship Rate and the generation of jobs

The article analyzes the Early Entrepreneurship Rate (TEA) and the generation of jobs. The results show in the first instance that undertaking in the province of Tungurahua is very complicated. The EAP of the province is 313,018 between men and women; of these, a quarter are employed in more than 42,500 companies, which is why there has been growth in new companies at the provincial level. Finally, the equation is applied where the constant is employment and established companies and these explain the TEA; therefore, the p value of the variables is less than the significance level, that is, the alternative hypothesis is verified, being that the Early Entrepreneurship Rate (TEA) does generate jobs. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, TEA, Employment, Entrepreneurship rate, employment indicators. References [1]A. Kritiko, «Emprendedores y su impacto en el empleo y el crecimiento económico,» DIW Berlin, University of Potsdam, and IZA, Germany, 2019. [2]J. Amorós and N. Bosma, «Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2013 Global Report,» GEM, 2018. [3]A. Zoltan, «How Is Entrepreneurship Good for Economic Growth?,» 2016. [4]A. Van Stel, «Análisis empírico del espíritu empresarial y el crecimiento económico,» Libro, 2016. [5]D. Ricardo, «Emprender en la nueva era,» Emprendedores LATAM, 2017. [6]J. Ugoani, «Desarrollo Del Emprendimiento Y Generación De Empleo En Nigeria: Un Estudio De La Dirección Nacional De Empleo,» Independent Journal of Management & Production, 2015. [7]E. Bassey, «Impacto del desarrollo empresarial en la creación de empleo en el estado de Cross River: un caso de la Dirección Nacional de Empleo,» International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences,2018. [8]A. Waidi, «Evaluación del desarrollo de habilidades empresariales en la estrategia de generación de empleo en instituciones terciarias en el estado de Lagos,» Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges, Febrero 2021. [9]T. Trang, «Emprendimiento, autoempleo y creación de empleo en Vietnam,» Agricultural Economics and Management-Master's Programme, 2019. [10]M. Hoppe, «The Entrepreneurship Concept: A Short Introduction,» School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University, vol. VI, 2016. [11]G. Gintare and G. Lukas, «Investigación de identificación del concepto de emprendimiento: el aspecto teórico,» International Journal of Economics and Financial, Mayo 2016. [12]M. Kruger, «Entrepreneurship Theory And Creativity,» University of Pretoria etd, 2014. [13]Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, «Marco Conceptual del GEM,» Informe 2017 GEM, 2017. [14]OIT, «Empleo,» México Cómo Vamos, 2015.

Pembelajaran Kewirausahaan di SMA Selama Pandemi Covid-19

The objectives of this study are: 1) to describe the implementation of entrepreneurship learning in high school during the Covid-19 pandemic, and 2) to provide solutions on how to improve the quality of entrepreneurship learning. This study uses a descriptive method. Collecting data using a questionnaire. Respondents were 1,347 high school students in grades XI and XII from 10 high schools in Sragen The results showed that during the Covid-19 pandemic, entrepreneurship learning taught more about theory (69.1%). The method used by teachers when teaching is assignments (54.8%) on assignments/homework on entrepreneurship theory. The digital platforms used by teachers are google classroom (39.3%), zoom (9.6%, WhatsApp (25.5%), google meet (16%), and other platforms 9.5%. In general, students assessed that entrepreneurship lessons are in accordance with their needs and provide provisions to become entrepreneurs. As many as 64.5% of students feel enthusiastic about participating in lessons. Improvements in entrepreneurship learning according to students' perceptions are: the material is more applicable and interesting, trained in how to overcome real problems, and balanced with practice. Entrepreneurship education can be done through intra-curricular activities in class, co-curricular, and extra-curricular