scholarly journals Converting a Cohort Component Model into a Microsimulation Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-49
Author(s):  
Guillaume Marois ◽  
Samir KC
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Component Model ◽  
Microsimulation Model ◽  
Domestic Migration ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Demographic Event

AbstractIn this chapter, we show and explain the code that reproduces the multistate projection of India described in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-79111-7_2 into a microsimulation model. The microsimulation code is divided into modules for each demographic event, namely the mortality, the education, the fertility, the domestic migration, and the reclassification of rural to urban areas. Section by section, we explain the code for the simulation and the production of outputs. We also a basic validation of the mode. The code file “Chapter 3—Replicating multistate.sas” contains the final complete code that generates the simulation for 2010–2060, including the setting up of the workspace (see Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-79111-7_2).

Teaching multilingual literacy in Ugandan classrooms: The promise of the African Storybook

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonny Norton ◽  
Juliet Tembe
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Early Literacy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Eastern Uganda

AbstractFor over a decade, the authors have worked collaboratively to better understand and address the challenges and possibilities of promoting multilingual literacy in Uganda, a country of over 44 million people where over 40 African languages are spoken and English is the official language. This article focuses on the diverse ways that teachers promote early literacy in large multilingual classrooms, and how the innovative African Storybook digital initiative might support primary school teachers in both rural and urban areas. We begin the article with a description of our collaborative work on the African Storybook (http://www.africanstorybook.org/) and one of its derivatives, Storybooks Uganda (https://global-asp.github.io/storybooks-uganda/). Then, drawing on a collaborative study of primary school classrooms in eastern Uganda, we analyze four common strategies that Ugandan teachers use to promote multilingual literacy in their classrooms: the use of the mother tongue as a resource; songs and multimodality; translanguaging; and linguistic strategies for classroom management. We follow this with a discussion of a 2015 teacher education workshop in eastern Uganda, which illustrates how the African Storybook can help support Ugandan teachers as they navigate the challenges of large classrooms. We conclude that the African Storybook has much promise for addressing the United Nations’ 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

Leafy greens as a potential source of multidrug-resistant diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella

Microbiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka ◽  
Prem Raj Meena ◽  
Keshav Kumar Meghwanshi ◽  
Anuj Rana ◽  
Arvind Pratap Singh
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Leafy Greens ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Rural And Urban

A continued rise in leafy green-linked outbreaks of disease caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli or Salmonella , particularly strains exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR), has emerged as a major threat to human health and food safety worldwide. Thus, the present study was conducted to examine antimicrobial resistance, including MDR, in diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC) and Salmonella isolates obtained from leafy greens from rural and urban areas of India. Of the collected samples (830), 14.1 and 6.5% yielded 117 E. coli (40 DEC and 77 non-DEC) and 54 Salmonella isolates, respectively. Among the DEC pathotypes, enteroaggregative E. coli was the most prevalent (10.2 %), followed by enteropathogenic E. coli (9.4 %), enteroinvasive E. coli (7.6 %) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (6.8 %). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all bacterial isolates with respect to drugs categorized as critically or highly important in both human and veterinary medicine revealed moderate to high (30–90%) resistance for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, gentamycin and colistin, but relatively low resistance (>30 %) for ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and fosfomycin. Notably, all DEC and more than 90% non-DEC or Salmonella isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant to drugs of both human and animal importance. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that leafy greens are potential reservoirs or sources of multidrug-resistant DEC and Salmonella strains in the rural or urban areas of India.

scholarly journals Seven-Component Model-Based Decomposition for PolSAR Data with Sophisticated Scattering Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 2802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Fan ◽  
Sinong Quan ◽  
Dahai Dai ◽  
Xuesong Wang ◽  
Shunping Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Component Model ◽  
Cross Polarization ◽  
Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Decomposition Scheme ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Component Decomposition ◽  
Oriented Dipole ◽  
Quarter Wave

Due to incomprehensive and inaccurate scattering modeling, the state-of-the-art polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) model-based target decompositions are incapable of effectively depicting the scattering mechanism of obliquely oriented urban areas. In this paper, a seven-component model-based decomposition scheme is proposed by constructing several sophisticated scattering models. First, an eigenvalue-based obliquely-oriented dihedral scattering model is presented to reasonably distribute the co-polarization and cross-polarization scattering powers in obliquely oriented urban areas, thus accurately characterizing the urban scattering. Second, the ±45° oriented dipole and ±45° quarter-wave reflector scattering models are incorporated for the purpose of accounting for the real and imaginary components of the T 13 element in the coherency matrix so as to fully utilize polarimetric information. Finally, according to their mathematical forms, several strategies for model parameter solutions are designed, and the seven-component decomposition is fulfilled. Experimental results conducted on different PolSAR data demonstrate that the proposed method considerably improves the PolSAR scattering interpretation in a more physical manner compared to other existing model-based decomposition, which can be applied for urban area detection, classification, and other urban planning applications.

scholarly journals Future projection of the physician workforce and its geographical equity in Japan: a cohort-component model

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e023696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Hara ◽  
Susumu Kunisawa ◽  
Noriko Sasaki ◽  
Yuichi Imanaka
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Level ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Component Model ◽  
Physician Supply ◽  
The Future ◽  
Rural Places ◽  
Distribution Of Physicians

IntroductionThe geographical inequity of physicians is a serious problem in Japan. However, there is little evidence of inequity in the future geographical distribution of physicians, even though the future physician supply at the national level has been estimated. In addition, possible changes in the age and sex distribution of future physicians are unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study is to project the future geographical distribution of physicians and their demographics.MethodsWe used a cohort-component model with the following assumptions: basic population, future mortality rate, future new registration rate, and future in-migration and out-migration rates. We examined changes in the number of physicians from 2005 to 2035 in secondary medical areas (SMAs) in Japan. To clarify the trends by regional characteristics, SMAs were divided into four groups based on urban or rural status and initial physician supply (lower/higher). The number of physicians was calculated separately by sex and age strata.ResultsFrom 2005 to 2035, the absolute number of physicians aged 25–64 will decline by 6.1% in rural areas with an initially lower physician supply, but it will increase by 37.0% in urban areas with an initially lower supply. The proportion of aged physicians will increase in all areas, especially in rural ones with an initially lower supply, where it will change from 14.4% to 31.3%. The inequity in the geographical distribution of physicians will expand despite an increase in the number of physicians in rural areas.ConclusionsWe found that the geographical disparity of physicians will worsen from 2005 to 2035. Furthermore, physicians aged 25–64 will be more concentrated in urban areas, and physicians will age more rapidly in rural places than urban ones. The regional disparity in the physician supply will worsen in the future if new and drastic measures are not taken.

Prototype Model of Household Activity-Travel Scheduling

2003 ◽  
Vol 1831 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Miller ◽  
Matthew J. Roorda
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Microsimulation Model ◽  
Activity Scheduling ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Activity Schedules ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Scheduling Model ◽  
Household Members

The Toronto Area Scheduling Model for Household Agents (TASHA), a new prototype activity scheduling microsimulation model, generates activity schedules and travel patterns for a 24-h typical weekday for all persons in a household. The prototype model is based solely on conventional trip diary data and therefore is applicable in many urban areas where activity data may not be available. The model makes use of the concept of the project, a "container" of activities with a common goal, to organize activity episodes into the schedules of persons in a household. A heuristic, or rule-based, method is used to organize activities into projects and then to form schedules for interacting household members. The TASHA model is considered to be a successful first attempt to operationalize a generalized conceptual model of household decision making, with reasonable correspondence between model and observed trip rates and chain characteristics.

scholarly journals Seasonal Poverty and Seasonal Migration in Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak ◽  
Maira Emy Reimão
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Domestic Migration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
The Cost

Four in five poor people in the Asia and Pacific region live in rural areas. Crop cycles in agrarian areas create periods of seasonal deprivation, or preharvest “lean seasons,” when work is scarce and skipped meals become frequent. In this paper, we document this phenomenon of seasonal poverty and discuss existing formal mechanisms for coping with it. We then focus on seasonal migration from rural to urban areas as a potential coping strategy and review the evidence on the effects of encouraging seasonal migration through transport subsidies. Over the past 10 years, we have conducted a series of randomized control trials in Bangladesh and Indonesia that provided rural agricultural workers with small migration subsidies to pay for the cost of round-trip travel to nearby areas in search of work. This paper summarizes the lessons learned from this multicountry, multiyear series of seasonal migration trials, the implications of these results for spatial misallocation, urbanization, and growth, and the replicability and relevance of this and other policies encouraging domestic migration more broadly for other areas in the Asia and Pacific region.

SIG 15 Perspectives Vol. 20, No. 3, September 2015

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Center ◽  
Link Type

Abstract Download the CE Questions PDF from the toolbar, above. Use the questions to guide your Perspectives reading. When you're ready, purchase the activity from the ASHA Store and follow the instructions to take the exam in ASHA's Learning Center. Available until August 13, 2018.

SIG 11 Perspectives Vol. 22, No. 2, July 2012

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Taylor ◽  
Emily White ◽  
Rachael Kaplan ◽  
Colleen M. O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Link Type

Sorry, this activity is no longer available for CEUs. Visit the SIG 11 page on the ASHA Store to see available CE activities. Use the CE questions PDF here as study questions to guide your Perspectives reading.

SIG 14 Perspectives Vol. 20, No. 3, December 2013

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Link Type

Sorry, this activity is no longer available for CEUs. Visit the SIG 14 page on the ASHA Store to see available CE activities. Use the CE questions PDF here as study questions to guide your Perspectives reading.

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