Prototype Model of Household Activity-Travel Scheduling

2003 ◽  
Vol 1831 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Miller ◽  
Matthew J. Roorda
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Microsimulation Model ◽  
Activity Scheduling ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Activity Schedules ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Scheduling Model ◽  
Household Members

The Toronto Area Scheduling Model for Household Agents (TASHA), a new prototype activity scheduling microsimulation model, generates activity schedules and travel patterns for a 24-h typical weekday for all persons in a household. The prototype model is based solely on conventional trip diary data and therefore is applicable in many urban areas where activity data may not be available. The model makes use of the concept of the project, a "container" of activities with a common goal, to organize activity episodes into the schedules of persons in a household. A heuristic, or rule-based, method is used to organize activities into projects and then to form schedules for interacting household members. The TASHA model is considered to be a successful first attempt to operationalize a generalized conceptual model of household decision making, with reasonable correspondence between model and observed trip rates and chain characteristics.

Land Loss with Compensation: What Are the Determinants of Income Among Households in Central Vietnam?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-55
Author(s):  
Nguyen Quang Phuc ◽  
A. C. M. (Guus) van Westen ◽  
Annelies Zoomers
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Land Loss ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Compensation Packages ◽  
Household Members ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of household income following the loss of land owing to urban expansion in central Vietnam. Using data mainly from household surveys in the peri-urban areas of Hue city, the regression model indicates that demographic factors and livelihood strategy choices have important impacts on household income; financial compensation and support packages do not appear to be strong determinants of household income after the loss of land. This implies a failure of the current compensation programmes in the process of compulsory land acquisition, because the government believes that compensation packages make important contributions to livelihood reconstruction. This study suggests that investing in education and skill training for household members affected by land loss as well as assistance in converting compensation money into an adequate livelihood should be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals HEALTHY LIFESTYLE OF URBAN RESIDENTS. CASE STUDY: SRI PAHANG PUBLIC HOUSING, BANGSAR, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Ling Hoon Leh ◽  
Nur Hidayah Shaharom ◽  
Marlyana Azyyati Marzukhi ◽  
Sharifah Zannierah Syed Marzuki
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
The Relationship

The natural ecosystems are increasingly being replaced by urban built-up area due to fast urbanisation. The urban development pressure brought urban areas to the uncontrolled built environment which, in turn, significantly compromises the quality of public spaces and facilities. Furthermore, the urban environment discourages active living. Thus, research on the relationship between urbanisation and physical health is rapidly coming to the force. Urbanisation can have detrimental effects, particularly on physical health, which further attributed to unsustainable urban development. A study was carried out at Sri Pahang Public Housing (Flat), Kuala Lumpur with the aim to investigate the healthy lifestyle among residents and the relationship with the public facilities available at study area for the physical activity. Data was obtained through questionnaire survey. The relationship between healthy lifestyle particularly the level of physical activity and the facilities in the study area was analysed using correlation test. It was found that most of the respondents were physically inactive and their healthy lifestyle can be related to the planning aspects of facilities in the study area.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Infiltration Rainwater Drainage (IRD) System with Fully 3-D Numerical Simulation Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 9144
Author(s):  
Jungkyu Ahn ◽  
Seongil Yeom ◽  
Sungwon Park ◽  
Thi Hoang Thao Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Scaled Model ◽  
Runoff Decrease ◽  
Peak Runoff

Water scarcity can mean scarcity in availability due to physical shortage, or scarcity in access due to the failure of institutions to ensure a continuously regular supply or due to a lack of adequate infrastructure. Water scarcity will be exacerbated as rapidly growing urban areas place heavy pressure on water resources. To solve these problems, various solutions have been applied, but a fundamental solution has not been applied. Recently, a researched and developed infiltration rainwater drainage (IRD) system is being applied with consideration of its applicability. In this study, features of surface runoff and infiltration according to various flow patterns were analyzed using a three-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model for calculating water flow in the IRD system. To estimate the optimal setup, a permeability test and scaled model simulation were performed. The runoff characteristics of the IRD system with respect to rainfall intensity and duration were analyzed with dimensionless variables. With the prototype model, the drainage characteristics of the IRD system were analyzed over time using the hydrological curves. From the simulated results, it was found that the IRD system analyzed in this study was appropriate in the field by comparative analysis with the existing system based on peak runoff, internal storage, and lag time. Therefore, by applying the IRD system in the future, it is expected that the IRD has benefits, such as delayed lag time, surface runoff decrease, and an attenuation of the peak runoff.

EMISSION MODELLING OF HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FROM ROAD TRANSPORT AT URBAN SCALE

Transport ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oxana Tchepel ◽  
Daniela Dias ◽  
Joana Ferreira ◽  
Richard Tavares ◽  
Ana Isabel Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Cold Start ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Transport Activity ◽  
Activity Data

This study is focused on the development of a modelling approach to quantify emissions of traffic-related hazardous air pollutants in urban areas considering complex road network and detailed data on transport activity. In this work a new version of the Transport Emission Model for line sources has been developed for hazardous pollutants (TREM-HAP). Emission factors for benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, naphthalene and also particulate matter (PM2.5) were implemented and the model was extended to integrate a probabilistic approach for the uncertainty quantification using Monte-Carlo technique. The methodology has been applied to estimate road traffic emissions in Porto Urban Area, Portugal. Hourly traffic counts provided by an automatic counting system were used to characterise the spatial and temporal variability of the number of vehicles, vehicle categories and average speed at different road segments. The data for two summer and two winter months were processed to obtain probability density functions of the input parameters required for the uncertainty analysis. For quantification of cold start excess emissions, Origin-Destination matrix for daily trips was used as additional input information. Daily emissions of hazardous air pollutants from road traffic were analysed for the study area. The uncertainty of the emission estimates related to the transport activity factors range from as small as −2 to +1.7% for acrolein and acetaldehyde on highways, to as large as −33 to +70% for 1,3-butadiene considering urban street driving. An important contribution of cold start emissions to the total daily values was estimated thus achieving 45% in case of benzene. The uncertainty in transport activity data on resulting urban emission inventory highlights the most important parameter and reveals different sensitivity of the emission quantification to the input data. The methodology presented in this work allows the development of emission inventories for hazardous air pollutants with high spatial and temporal resolution in complex urban areas required for air quality modelling and exposure studies and could be used as a decision support tool.

Flexibility and Time Dependence in Activity Scheduling Models

1998 ◽  
Vol 1645 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoffel Venter ◽  
Mark Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Time Dependence ◽  
Daily Activity ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Activity Scheduling ◽  
Activity Schedules ◽  
Optimal Activity ◽  
Activity Program ◽  
And Control ◽  
Scheduling Models ◽  
Over Time

Activity scheduling models describe how people build daily activity schedules, given the opportunities and constraints they face. Many current models fail to adequately account for interdependence of these opportunities and constraints over time. This limits their ability to model aspects of behavior such as routine patterns, the desire for flexibility, and responses to urgent needs. Time dependence issues affect user responses to many transportation policies, including ridesharing incentives, flex-time, and paratransit strategies. Time dependence can be better captured by conceptualizing the activity scheduling process as a regulation and control process, the objective of which is to obtain an activity program that is both feasible and personally optimal. Activity schedules evolve over time as a result of regulatory action taken in response to the arrival of disturbances. An example is provided to illustrate the application of these concepts to the activity scheduling process. While it can incorporate useful ideas previously forwarded by researchers, control theory provides a framework for further theoretical and empirical development.

scholarly journals Optimal and prototype dimensioning of 48V P0+P4 hybrid drivetrains

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Matthias Werra ◽  
Axel Sturm ◽  
Ferit Küçükay
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Machine ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Conventional Vehicle ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Consumption Reduction ◽  
And Performance

Abstract This paper presents a virtual toolchain for the optimal concept and prototype dimensioning of 48 V hybrid drivetrains. First, this toolchain is used to dimension the drivetrain components for a 48 V P0+P4 hybrid which combines an electric machine in the belt drive of the internal combustion engine and a second electric machine at the rear axle. On an optimal concept level, the power and gear ratios of the electric components in the 48 V system are defined for the best fuel consumption and performance. In the second step, the optimal P0+P4 drivetrain is simulated with a prototype model using a realistic rule-based operating strategy to determine realistic behavior in legal cycles and customer operation. The optimal variant shows a fuel consumption reduction in the Worldwide harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle of 13.6 % compared to a conventional vehicle whereas the prototype simulation shows a relatively higher savings potential of 14.8 %. In the prototype simulation for customer operation, the 48 V hybrid drivetrain reduces the fuel consumption by up to 24.6 % in urban areas due to a high amount of launching and braking events. Extra-urban and highway areas show fuel reductions up to 11.6 % and 4.2 %, respectively due to higher vehicle speed and power requirements. The presented virtual toolchain can be used to combine optimal concept dimensioning with close to reality behaviour simulations to maximise realistic statements and minimize time effort.

scholarly journals The climate change mitigation effects of active travel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Brand ◽  
Evi Dons ◽  
Esther Anaya-Boig ◽  
Ione Avila-Palencia ◽  
Anna Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Active Travel ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Quality Of Urban Life ◽  
Zero Carbon ◽  
Car Travel ◽  
Daily Travel

Abstract Active travel (walking or cycling for transport) is considered the most sustainable form of getting from A to B. Yet the net effects of active travel on mobility-related CO2 emissions are complex and under-researched. Here we collected travel activity data in seven European cities and derived lifecycle CO2 emissions from daily travel activity. Daily mobility-related lifecycle CO2 emissions were 3.2 kgCO2 per person, with car travel contributing 70% and cycling 1%. Cyclists had 84% lower lifecycle CO2 emissions from all daily travel than non-cyclists. Lifecycle CO2 emissions decreased by -14% (95%CI -12% to -16%) per additional cycling trip and decreased by -62% (95%CI -61% to -63%) for each avoided car trip. An average person who ‘shifted travel modes’ from car to bike decreased lifecycle CO2 emissions by 3.2 (95%CI 2.0 to 5.2) kgCO2/day, and using a bike as the ‘main method of travel’ gave 7.1 (95%CI 4.8 to 10.4) kgCO2/day lower lifecycle CO2 emissions than mainly using a car or van. Investing in and promoting active travel should be a cornerstone of strategies to meet net zero carbon targets, particularly in urban areas, while also improving public health and quality of urban life.

scholarly journals An Agent-Based Modeling Framework for Simulating Human Exposure to Environmental Stresses in Urban Areas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Emlyn Yang ◽  
Peter Hoffmann ◽  
Jürgen Scheffran ◽  
Sven Rühe ◽  
Jana Fischereit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Human Exposure Assessment

The importance of predicting the exposure to environmental hazards is highlighted by issues like global climate change, public health problems caused by environment stresses, and property damages and depreciations. Several approaches have been used to assess potential exposure and achieve optimal results under various conditions, for example, for different scales, groups of people, or certain points in time. Micro-simulation tools are becoming increasingly important in human exposure assessment, where each person is simulated individually and continuously. This paper describes an agent-based model (ABM) framework that can dynamically simulate human exposure levels, along with their daily activities, in urban areas that are characterized by environmental stresses such as air pollution and heat stress. Within the framework, decision making processes can be included for each individual based on rule-based behavior to achieve goals under changing environmental conditions. The ideas described in this paper are implemented in a free and open source NetLogo platform. A simplified modeling scenario of the ABM framework in Hamburg, Germany, further demonstrates its utility in various urban environments and individual activity patterns, and portability to other models, programs and frameworks. The prototype model can potentially be extended to support environmental incidence management by exploring the daily routines of different groups of citizens and compare the effectiveness of different strategies. Further research is needed to fully develop an operational version of the model.

scholarly journals Simulating Offender Mobility: Modeling Activity Nodes from Large-Scale Human Activity Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 541-570
Author(s):  
Raquel Rosés ◽  
Cristina Kadar ◽  
Charlotte Gerritsen ◽  
Chris Rouly
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Agent Based

In recent years, simulation techniques have been applied to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of crime. Researchers have instantiated mobile offenders in agent-based simulations for theory testing, experimenting with crime prevention strategies, and exploring crime prediction techniques, despite facing challenges due to the complex dynamics of crime and the lack of detailed information about offender mobility. This paper presents a simulation model to explore offender mobility, focusing on the interplay between the agent's awareness space and activity nodes. The simulation generates patterns of individual mobility aiming to cumulatively match crime patterns. To instantiate a realistic urban environment, we use open data to simulate the urban structure, location-based social networks data to represent activity nodes as a proxy for human activity, and taxi trip data as a proxy for human movement between regions of the city. We analyze and systematically compare 35 different mobility strategies and demonstrate the benefits of using large-scale human activity data to simulate offender mobility. The strategies combining taxi trip data or historic crime data with popular activity nodes perform best compared to other strategies, especially for robbery. Our approach provides a basis for building agent-based crime simulations that infer offender mobility in urban areas from real-world data.

scholarly journals Enhanced toxicity of aerosol in fog conditions in the Po Valley, Italy

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 7721-7731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Decesari ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Sowlat ◽  
Sina Hasheminassab ◽  
Silvia Sandrini ◽  
Stefania Gilardoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Fog Water ◽  
Po Valley ◽  
Redox Active ◽  
Airborne Concentration

Abstract. While numerous studies have demonstrated the association between outdoor exposure to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and adverse health effects, the actual chemical species responsible for PM toxicological properties remain a subject of investigation. We provide here reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity data for PM samples collected at a rural site in the Po Valley, Italy, during the fog season (i.e., November–March). We show that the intrinsic ROS activity of Po Valley PM, which is mainly composed of biomass burning and secondary aerosols, is comparable to that of traffic-related particles in urban areas. The airborne concentration of PM components responsible for the ROS activity decreases in fog conditions, when water-soluble species are scavenged within the droplets. Due to this partitioning effect of fog, the measured ROS activity of fog water was contributed mainly by water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and secondary inorganic ions rather than by transition metals. We found that the intrinsic ROS activity of fog droplets is even greater (> 2.5 times) than that of the PM on which droplets are formed, indicating that redox-active compounds are not only scavenged from the particulate phase, but are also produced within the droplets. Therefore, even if fog formation exerts a scavenging effect on PM mass and redox-active compounds, the aqueous-phase formation of reactive secondary organic compounds can eventually enhance ROS activity of PM when fog evaporates. These findings, based on a case study during a field campaign in November 2015, indicate that a significant portion of airborne toxicity in the Po Valley is largely produced by environmental conditions (fog formation and fog processing) and not simply by the emission and transport of pollutants.

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