scholarly journals Seasonal Poverty and Seasonal Migration in Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak ◽  
Maira Emy Reimão
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Domestic Migration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
The Cost

Four in five poor people in the Asia and Pacific region live in rural areas. Crop cycles in agrarian areas create periods of seasonal deprivation, or preharvest “lean seasons,” when work is scarce and skipped meals become frequent. In this paper, we document this phenomenon of seasonal poverty and discuss existing formal mechanisms for coping with it. We then focus on seasonal migration from rural to urban areas as a potential coping strategy and review the evidence on the effects of encouraging seasonal migration through transport subsidies. Over the past 10 years, we have conducted a series of randomized control trials in Bangladesh and Indonesia that provided rural agricultural workers with small migration subsidies to pay for the cost of round-trip travel to nearby areas in search of work. This paper summarizes the lessons learned from this multicountry, multiyear series of seasonal migration trials, the implications of these results for spatial misallocation, urbanization, and growth, and the replicability and relevance of this and other policies encouraging domestic migration more broadly for other areas in the Asia and Pacific region.

Komparácia pro-poor rastu vo vidieckych a mestských oblastiach Indonézie

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Frličková
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Partial Period ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The paper analyses construction and use of a selected indicator of pro-poor growth – the rate of pro-poor growth. It further explains the interpretation of this indicator in absolute and relative terms and indicates how economic growth affects poverty and inequality. The selected indicator is applied to the example of Indonesia and compares pro-poor growth in urban and rural areas of the country, examines regional disparities in terms of pro-poor growth for the period 1996–2019. From the absolute interpretation, pro-poor growth is observed in both urban and rural areas over the whole period. In relative terms, results of pro-poor growth for the first partial period (1996–2000) differ. While there was a relative pro-poor growth in the rural areas, there was a strong pro-poor growth in the cities with a significant decline in inequality observed (incomes of poor people increased while the average income of the whole population dropped). Indonesia achieved trickle-down growth in both rural and urban areas in two remaining periods (2000–2010 and 2010–2019).

scholarly journals Experimental Measurement of Rice Husk Effectiveness as an Alternative Adsorbent for Turbidity Reduction in Synthetic Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
Noora Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi ◽  
Samara Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
The Cost

Providing a clean and high quality drinking water to both rural as well as urban areas is a great challenge by itself, adding to it the large volume requirements of such water at high population areas means a very high cost for such industry because mainly of the cost of expensive commercially available adsorbent used in this process. This led inhabitants of the remote and/or rural areas to use less quality water with all its risks and health challenges. In this study, a locally collected rice husk is tested to be used as an alternative adsorbent to the expensive common commercial ones. Parameters like adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of turbidity, and pH level were tested to investigate their effects on the process. Treatment of synthetic turbid water was done after changing these parameters to measure the effect of each parameter alone and the results showed a set of parameters that can be used to achieve high efficiency of turbidity removal. The study concluded that rice husk can be used as a well cheap alternative adsorbent to reduce the river water turbidity due to its availability and low cost with a decent removal efficiency approaching 95%.

Urban Mental Health (Oxford Cultural Psychiatry series)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Mental Health ◽  
The Past

The internal migration in countries around the globe as a result of rapid urbanization and related to industrialization as a consequence of globalization has been truly remarkable. The past 50 years have seen a massive rise in the numbers of people moving and creating megapolis in many parts of the world. It is inevitable that with such massive internal migration come stressors such as pollution, lack of space, overcrowding, unemployment, and increased likelihood of infectious diseases, all of which contribute to an increase in psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, such migration can also lead to the splintering of social support and the fraying of social networks, which can further contribute to poor help-seeking and poor therapeutic adherence and poor prognosis. This book highlights challenges in managing mental health and psychiatric disorders in urban areas. The contributors include researchers, clinicians, urban planners, urban designers, and others who are interested in the field. The book will appeal to all mental health professionals, whether they are working in urban areas or rural areas.

Methodological Dimensions of Delineating Peri-urban Areas: The Case of Kolkata Metropolis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-194
Author(s):  
Dinabandhu Mondal ◽  
Sucharita Sen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Transitions ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Municipal Boundaries ◽  
The City ◽  
Complex Characters

In the past few decades, due to urbanization and spatial expansion of cities beyond their municipal boundaries, complex interactions between the city and its surrounding rural areas have occurred, resulting in the formation of peri-urban spaces or zones of transition. There is a plurality of definitions for these peri-urban spaces, due to their diverse character in terms of land and water use, livelihood shifts, demographic and social transitions. Most peri-urban areas, specifically those around large metropolitan cities, are increasingly assuming complex characters, which call for governance structures beyond rural–urban binaries. For any administrative intervention of a serious nature in peri-urban areas, a standard methodology for demarcation of these spaces is required. This article is an attempt to develop and apply such a methodology beyond the existing ones, using government sources of data, in the case of Kolkata Metropolis. This article uses socio-economic and land-use characteristics to achieve this objective. It finds that peri-urban spaces do not necessarily develop uniformly around the city; instead, they are fragmented and could be located both near or relatively far from urban areas.

scholarly journals Solar PV Tree: Shade-Free Design and Cost Analysis Considering Indian Scenario

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Varaprasad JANAMALA
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Basketball Court ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, the performance and the cost-effectiveness of a solar PV tree for supplying the energy demand of a flood lighting system at a basketball court in the School of Engineering and Technology, Christ (Deemed to be University) at Bangalore, India, are analyzed. Also, the energy demand of a flood lighting system for year 2017 is estimated (16 kWh/day), and the design of 4 individual trees of 1 kWp each is proposed, which saves around 40 sq.m area of land near to the basketball court. The experimental data was collected from June 1st, 2018 to May 31st, 2019, using a data acquisition system and processed to calculate the monthly cost of energy produced by each tree. In order to reduce the complexity in design and allow it to be shade-free, all the panels of a tree were oriented at the same azimuth angle. Based on technical and economical assessments with respect to rooftop systems, the solar PV tree presented reasonable results and could be a future adoptable technology for high population density areas, as well as for remote applications. Later, the adoptability of the proposed solar PV tree was simulated for 2 kWp, considering the climatic conditions of 2020, for different rural and urban locations of India. From the techno-economic-environmental analysis, it is highlighted that the annual energy yield is more with the solar PV tree model than with a land-mounted SPV system. The cost savings and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction are also higher with the proposed oak tree-based solar PV tree in urban areas than in rural areas recommending it for practical applications.

scholarly journals Trends in Diabetes Mortality in Urban and Rural China, 1987–2019: A Joinpoint Regression Analysis

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binbin Su ◽  
Yiran Wang ◽  
Yanhui Dong ◽  
Gang Hu ◽  
Yike Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Health Statistics ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Diabetes Mortality ◽  
The Past ◽  
Joinpoint Regression Analysis

PurposeDiabetes mellitus is emerging as an epidemic worldwide, and the incidence and prevalence of diabetes have drastically changed in China over the past 30 years, but data on its mortality rate are scarce. This study aimed to analyze the time trends of mortality rates among patients with diabetes in the rural and urban population in China between 1987 and 2019.MethodsThe research data come from China’s annual report on national health statistics and the Chinese Health Statistics Yearbook. Age-standardized mortality rates were calculated by using the direct method based on the World Standard Population from the WHO. Joinpoint regression analysis was employed to estimate the annual percent change and average annual percentage changes of mortality rates of diabetes mellitus.ResultsAn overall trend for increment in diabetes mortality was observed. The crude mortality rates and age-standardized mortality rates of diabetes for urban and rural residents in China showed a significant increasing trend between 1987 and 2019. Mortality due to diabetes in urban areas has been higher than in rural areas for 30 years. However, due to the rapid increase of rural diabetes mortality in the past decade, the gap between the two gradually narrowed. The age-standardized mortality rates of diabetes increased by about 38.5% in urban areas and 254.9% in rural areas over the whole study period. In addition, the age-standardized mortality rate of females with diabetes was higher than that of males, but this pattern began to change in urban areas in 2012. Finally, the age-standardized mortality rates in the elderly population in China are higher with a faster growth rate, especially in rural areas.ConclusionThe mortality rate of diabetes is on the rise in China. The rapid growth of the mortality rate of diabetes in rural areas leads to the reduction of the urban–rural gap. Male mortality rates in urban areas have surpassed those of women. At the same time, the mortality rate of diabetes showed obvious elder-group orientation. As China’s population ages, the burden of death and disability caused by diabetes and its complications will continue to increase. These results indicate that diabetes has become a significant public health problem in China. Such an effect increases the demand for strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus. In addition to the prevention and intervention of diabetes in high-risk groups, it is also necessary to establish diabetes screening networks to identify patients with mild symptoms. Early detection and timely intervention can effectively reduce the incidence and mortality of diabetes.

scholarly journals Informal Economy and Poverty in Urban Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Dipak Bahadur Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Employment Education

Informal sector plays a crucial role in employing a significant part of the economically active population of Nepal. The Nepal Labour Force Survey(NLFS) - 2017/18 has estimated around 62 percent of people to be currently employed in the informal sector. It is estimated that there are 84.6 percent of the currently employed who are informally employed in all industries as compare to formal employment 15.4 percent in Nepal. Employment is the main source of income of poor people which is still considered to be the most effective vehicle to take them out of poverty. People of rural areas are gradually coming to urban areas. So, economic growth and structural changes are increasingly linked to urbanization process. More people will live in urban settlements than in rural areas. Metropolitan cities of Nepal like Lalitpur can offer the lure of better employment, education, and healthcare and they also contribute disproportionately to the economy of the country. However, rapid urban expansion is often associated with poverty and rapid growth of informal sector urban area.

scholarly journals Opioid Addiction in Rural North Carolina: A Criminal Justice and Public Health Issue

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
James F. Anderson ◽  
Kelley Reinsmith-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Opioid Addiction ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Current Crisis

Opioid addiction and abuse has become a nationwide epidemic in America. Chief among the states where this behavior is most pervasive is North Carolina. Current statistics reveal that not only are addiction, abuse, and untimely deaths owing to overdose (especially from heroin use) are found in urban areas, but these behaviors are also pervasive in rural areas of the state where health experts and criminal justice officials struggle with the challenges of addressing public health and criminal justice consequences that come with drug addiction and abuse such as treatment, prevention, and punishments, respectively. Unlike urban areas that often have adequate resources to address these concerns, this is not the case in rural areas that struggle with more addicts and offenders than resources to manage this current crisis. Because of the complexity of the opioid crisis and many of the past lessons learned from the crack cocaine epidemic of the 1980s, we believe that society can more effectively address the new opioid epidemic by relying on both criminal justice as well as public health strategies.

scholarly journals A Systematic Literature Review on Online Medical Services in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (06) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Nohman Khan ◽  
Muhammad Imran Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Exclusion Process ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
The Past

<p>The aim of the study reviews online medical services in Malaysia. The paper reviews the improvement in Malaysian Medical services in the past five years. In this paper, we systematically reviewed literature from the year 2014 to 2018. We selected the web of science database for the literature search to make the process more transparent and clearer, every process is recorded on the excel sheets and all studies were screened through rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. Final 48 papers were selected for this systematic literature review and all irrelevant papers are excluded from the study. For the selection and exclusion process, PRISMA 2009 is used. The results revealed that Literature is heavily focusing on the medical services towards the urban areas, but rural areas were largely neglected. Many studies are discussing the importance of online medical services; However, implementation mechanisms have not been discussed. The systematic review recommends that future research should be focused more on holistic patterns of implementations of the online medical services in Malaysia.</p>

PEMBANGUNAN DESA-KOTA DI INDONESIA DARI PERSPEKTIF PENGEMBANGAN WILAYAH DAN MIGRASI

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Ranggi Ade Febrian
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Urban Inequality ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Development Paradigm

The problem of rural-urban inequality can not be separated from the development paradigm that assumes thatconsidered better urban and rural areas are higher or the subordination of urban areas. The problem is growingwith the increasing levels of poverty in Indonesia, which was recorded by the BPS period March 2015 as much as28.59 million (11.22% of the total population of Indonesia) in both urban (10.65 million) and rural (17.94million soul). The poverty rate is increasing 860 thousand inhabitants of 27.73 million people in the period ofSeptember 2014, with details of the number of poor people in urban areas amounted to 10.36 million and 17.37million rural people. This paper attempts to analyze the development of villages and cities in Indonesia from theperspective of regional development and migration. Strategy is needed in rural development the city is by adopt-ing the concept of regional development and migration that it contains substances sustainable development ofboth macro and micro, so the construction of rural cities will be able to run well and in line with the Nawa Citathird Indonesian development of the region penggiran by strengthening areas and villages within the frameworkof the Unitary Republic of Indonesia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document