Regulatory Potential of Carbohydrates—‘Life’s Little Luxury Controls’

2022 ◽  
pp. 435-454
Author(s):  
Christian E. W. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaclyn M Noshay ◽  
Alexandre P Marand ◽  
Sarah N Anderson ◽  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Maria Katherine Mejia Guerra ◽  
...  

Abstract Transposable elements (TEs) have the potential to create regulatory variation both through the disruption of existing DNA regulatory elements and through the creation of novel DNA regulatory elements. In a species with a large genome, such as maize, many TEs interspersed with genes create opportunities for significant allelic variation due to TE presence/absence polymorphisms among individuals. We used information on putative regulatory elements in combination with knowledge about TE polymorphisms in maize to identify TE insertions that interrupt existing accessible chromatin regions (ACRs) in B73 as well as examples of polymorphic TEs that contain ACRs among four inbred lines of maize including B73, Mo17, W22, and PH207. The TE insertions in three other assembled maize genomes (Mo17, W22, or PH207) that interrupt ACRs that are present in the B73 genome can trigger changes to the chromatin, suggesting the potential for both genetic and epigenetic influences of these insertions. Nearly 20% of the ACRs located over 2 kb from the nearest gene are located within an annotated TE. These are regions of unmethylated DNA that show evidence for functional importance similar to ACRs that are not present within TEs. Using a large panel of maize genotypes, we tested if there is an association between the presence of TE insertions that interrupt, or carry, an ACR and the expression of nearby genes. While most TE polymorphisms are not associated with expression for nearby genes, the TEs that carry ACRs exhibit enrichment for being associated with higher expression of nearby genes, suggesting that these TEs may contribute novel regulatory elements. These analyses highlight the potential for a subset of TEs to rewire transcriptional responses in eukaryotic genomes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Montigny ◽  
Patrizia Tavormina ◽  
Carine Duboe ◽  
Hélène San Clémente ◽  
Marielle Aguilar ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Recent genome-wide studies of many species reveal the existence of a myriad of RNAs differing in size, coding potential and function. Among these are the long non-coding RNAs, some of them producing functional small peptides via the translation of short ORFs. It now appears that any kind of RNA presumably has a potential to encode small peptides. Accordingly, our team recently discovered that plant primary transcripts of microRNAs (pri-miRs) produce small regulatory peptides (miPEPs) involved in auto-regulatory feedback loops enhancing their cognate microRNA expression which in turn controls plant development. Here we investigate whether this regulatory feedback loop is present in Drosophila melanogaster. Results We perform a survey of ribosome profiling data and reveal that many pri-miRNAs exhibit ribosome translation marks. Focusing on miR-8, we show that pri-miR-8 can produce a miPEP-8. Functional assays performed in Drosophila reveal that miPEP-8 affects development when overexpressed or knocked down. Combining genetic and molecular approaches as well as genome-wide transcriptomic analyses, we show that miR-8 expression is independent of miPEP-8 activity and that miPEP-8 acts in parallel to miR-8 to regulate the expression of hundreds of genes. Conclusion Taken together, these results reveal that several Drosophila pri-miRs exhibit translation potential. Contrasting with the mechanism described in plants, these data shed light on the function of yet undescribed primary-microRNA-encoded peptides in Drosophila and their regulatory potential on genome expression.


Neuron ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Closser ◽  
Yuchun Guo ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
Tulsi Patel ◽  
Sumin Jang ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Roman Zvarych ◽  
Tetyana Polishchuk

Goal. The purpose of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the main problems of the regulatory potential of legal culture and legal awareness of the individual and its implementation in modern Ukrainian society. Method. The study used a set of theoretical methods of scientific knowledge, in particular: the method of scientific analysis; system-structural; historical and legal; axiological; comparative law; formal-legal and method of generalization. Results. In the course of the research it was proved that the modern philosophy of realization of regulatory potential of legal culture and legal consciousness should consist in strengthening of humanizing character of regulatory influence, be directed not on authoritarian authoritarian, imperative attribution, authorizing, binding types of legal regulations that authoritatively guide the actions, behavior of people and are seen as omnipotent universal mechanisms for solving problems of social life, and to create conditions for the realization of freedom, human potential, its legal status, social activity, creativity and initiative , which, of course, must be implemented on the basis of social, legal and moral norms enshrined in society. Scientific novelty. According to the results of the study, the new conceptual foundations of the regulatory potential of legal culture and legal awareness should be aimed at creating conditions for identifying deep dimensions of the inner world of man, his individual legal worldview, which allows him to become the creator of social and legal reality. Practical significance. The results of the research can be useful in the process of forming a general theoretical concept of the regulatory potential of legal culture and legal consciousness of modern Ukrainian society.


Author(s):  
Алена Владимировна Шутова

Введение. Изучение особенностей восприятия поэтических текстов читателями является одной из актуальных проблем современной стилистики. Теория регулятивности как одно из направлений коммуникативной стилистики текста позволяет выявлять средства и способы воздействия текста на адресата. На основе анализа регулятивных средств и структур разных типов в лирике О. Э. Мандельштама можно исследовать характер возникающих в сознании читателя ярких образов в поэтическом тексте как форме коммуникации. Материал и методы. Гипотеза о том, что об особенностях регулятивных возможностей текста можно судить по реакции информантов, воспринимающих текст и его элементы, проверяется на основе проведенного рецептивного эксперимента, основанного на показаниях языкового сознания участников. Материалом исследования послужили поэтические тексты О. Э. Мандельштама разных лет: «На темном небе, как узор» (1909), «Из омута злого и вязкого» (1910), «Как люб мне натугой живущий...» (1930), «Мы живем, под собою не чуя страны» (1933). Выбор данных поэтических текстов обусловлен их идейной значимостью и временем создания (два первых стихотворения относятся к ранней лирике автора, два других – к позднему творчеству). Перечисленные факторы позволяют проследить характер их восприятия информантами с учетом отражения эволюции поэтической картины мира О. Э. Мандельштама. Результаты и обсуждение. Согласно условно взятой пятибалльной шкале воздействия, максимальным баллом респондентами были оценены стихотворения, относящиеся к гражданской лирике автора. Это связано с тематикой данных поэтических текстов (для большинства информантов она показалась знакомой и злободневной), их идейным своеобразием и большим количеством использованных в текстах регулятивных средств и структур, а также их спецификой (в стихотворении «Мы живем, под собою не чуя страны…» – яркие метафоры и эпитеты; в стихотворении «Как люб мне натугой живущий…» – ряд эпитетов). Заключение. Получены данные о факторах, определяющих регулятивный потенциал текста и характер интерпретационной деятельности адресата. Среди них можно отметить тематическое и идейное своеобразие поэтических текстов О. Э. Мандельштама, количество и разнообразие использованных автором лексических регулятивных средств и структур. Introduction. The studying of the peculiarities of readers’ perception of poetic texts is one of the relevant problems of modern stylistic. The theory of regulativity as one of the text`s stylistic communicative directions, allows identifying of means and methods of text influence on the addressee. Based on analysis of regulatory tools and various types of structures, in O. E. Mandelstam`s lyrics the nature of vivid images that appear in reader`s mind in a poetic text can be explored as a form of communication. Material and methods. The hypothesis that the features of the regulatory capabilities can be judged by the reaction of informants who perceive the text and its parts, is tested on the basis on the receptive experiment based on the indications of the participants’ language consciousness. O. E. Mandelstam’s poetic texts of different years were the study materials: «In the dark sky, like a pattern» (1909); «Up out of an evil clinging pool» (1910); «How do I love the strain of living» (1930); «We are living, but can’t feel the land where we stay» (1933). The choice of these poetic texts is caused by its ideological significance and time of creation (the first and the second poem belongs to author`s early lyrics, the last two – his latest works). All these factors allow us to follow the nature of their perception by informants, taking into account the reflection of the evolution O. E. Mandelstam’s poetic picture of the world. Results and discussion. According to conventional five-point scale of impact, respondents gave the maximum score to poems related to the author’s civil lyrics. It is connected with the theme of these poetic texts (for most informants it seemed urgent and familiar), its ideological originality and its large number of regulatory methods that was used in text, srtuctures and its specific (in the poem «We are living, but can’t feel the land where we stay...» – vivid metaphors and epithets; in the poem «How I love the strain of living...» – a number of epithets). Conclusion. As a result of this research, data about factors that determine regulatory potential of the text and the nature of the interpretative activity of addressee were obtained. Among them, we can note thematic and ideological originality of O. E. Mandelstam`s poetic texts, the number and variety of lexical regulatory tools and structures used by author.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Vieira e Vieira ◽  
Vita Dauksaite ◽  
Michael Gotthardt ◽  
Matthias Selbach

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 997
Author(s):  
Pâmela A. Alexandre ◽  
Antonio Reverter ◽  
Roberta B. Berezin ◽  
Laercio R. Porto-Neto ◽  
Gabriela Ribeiro ◽  
...  

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) can regulate several aspects of gene expression, being associated with complex phenotypes in humans and livestock species. In taurine beef cattle, recent evidence points to the involvement of lncRNA in feed efficiency (FE), a proxy for increased productivity and sustainability. Here, we hypothesized specific regulatory roles of lncRNA in FE of indicine cattle. Using RNA-Seq data from the liver, muscle, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal gland from Nellore bulls with divergent FE, we submitted new transcripts to a series of filters to confidently predict lncRNA. Then, we identified lncRNA that were differentially expressed (DE) and/or key regulators of FE. Finally, we explored lncRNA genomic location and interactions with miRNA and mRNA to infer potential function. We were able to identify 126 relevant lncRNA for FE in Bos indicus, some with high homology to previously identified lncRNA in Bos taurus and some possible specific regulators of FE in indicine cattle. Moreover, lncRNA identified here were linked to previously described mechanisms related to FE in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and are expected to help elucidate this complex phenotype. This study contributes to expanding the catalogue of lncRNA, particularly in indicine cattle, and identifies candidates for further studies in animal selection and management.


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