Snow Melt Runoff Status in Part of Ganga Basin

2013 ◽  
pp. 241-260
Author(s):  
Praveen K. Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Snow Melt ◽  
Ganga Basin

Study on a Numerical Model of “Rainfall-Runoff” Process Combined with Snowmelt

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 4273-4277
Author(s):  
Huang Jinbai ◽  
Wang Bin ◽  
Hinokidani Osamu ◽  
Kajikawa Yuki
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Method ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Large Error ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Snow Melt ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Surface Water Resources ◽  
Permissible Range ◽  
Set Up

In order to achieve the accurate calculation of “rainfall-runoff” process combined with snowmelt and to provide a useful numerical method for estimating surface water resources in a basin, a runoff numerical calculation model of “rainfall-runoff” process combined with snowmelt was developed for a distributive hydrological model. Numerical method on “Rainfall-runoff” process was set up by applying kinematic wave theory, and calculations on snowmelt were made using energy budget method. Validity of the model was verified through numerical simulation of the observed surface flow. Results of the error analysis indicated that a large error existed between the numerical results and the observed ones without considering snowmelt whereas the error was at the permissible range of criterion (< 3 %) by considering snowmelt. The results showed that the snowmelt calculation should be considered at snow melt area when performing the runoff calculation.

scholarly journals Diurnal variations in the UV albedo of arctic snow

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (21) ◽  
pp. 6551-6563 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Meinander ◽  
A. Kontu ◽  
K. Lakkala ◽  
A. Heikkilä ◽  
L. Ylianttila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Surface ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Snow Melt ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Essential Parameter ◽  
Surface Reflectivity ◽  
Climate Studies ◽  
Radiative Transfer Modeling ◽  
Surface Layer Thickness

Abstract. The relevance of snow for climate studies is based on its physical properties, such as high surface reflectivity. Surface ultraviolet (UV) albedo is an essential parameter for various applications based on radiative transfer modeling. Here, new continuous measurements of the local UV albedo of natural Arctic snow were made at Sodankylä (67°22'N, 26°39'E, 179 m a.s.l.) during the spring of 2007. The data were logged at 1-min intervals. The accumulation of snow was up to 68 cm. The surface layer thickness varied from 0.5 to 35 cm with the snow grain size between 0.2 and 2.5 mm. The midday erythemally weighted UV albedo ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 in the accumulation period, and from 0.5 to 0.7 during melting. During the snow melt period, under cases of an almost clear sky and variable cloudiness, an unexpected diurnal decrease of 0.05 in albedo soon after midday, and recovery thereafter, was detected. This diurnal decrease in albedo was found to be asymmetric with respect to solar midday, thus indicating a change in the properties of the snow. Independent UV albedo results with two different types of instruments confirm these findings. The measured temperature of the snow surface was below 0°C on the following mornings. Hence, the reversible diurnal change, evident for ~1–2 h, could be explained by the daily metamorphosis of the surface of the snowpack, in which the temperature of the surface increases, melting some of the snow to liquid water, after which the surface freezes again.

scholarly journals Setting up a new CZO in the Ganga basin: instrumentation, stakeholder engagement and preliminary observations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surya Gupta ◽  
Shivam Tripathi ◽  
Rajiv Sinha ◽  
Sri Harsha Karumanchi ◽  
Debajyoti Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stakeholder Engagement ◽  
Ganga Basin

Infiltration in Unsaturated Frozen Soil

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 243-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helén Engelmark
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Thermal Parameters ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Snow Melt ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Melt Infiltration

A one-dimensional mathematical model is used to simulate the process of snow-melt infiltration in unsaturated frozen silt. Hydraulic and thermal parameters are mainly based on data given in the literature. Field observations in a watershed (of area 1.8 km2) are compared with simulated data and consequences on snow melt run-off are discussed.

scholarly journals Water–food–energy nexus with changing agricultural scenarios in India during recent decades

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 3041-3060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beas Barik ◽  
Subimal Ghosh ◽  
A. Saheer Sahana ◽  
Amey Pathak ◽  
Muddu Sekhar
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Monsoon Rainfall ◽  
Central India ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Western India ◽  
Groundwater Storage ◽  
Ganga Basin ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Food Energy

Abstract. Meeting the growing water and food demands in a densely populated country like India is a major challenge. It requires an extensive investigation into the changing patterns of the checks and balances behind the maintenance of food security at the expense of depleting groundwater, along with high energy consumption. Here we present a comprehensive set of analyses which assess the present status of the water–food–energy nexus in India, along with its changing pattern, in the last few decades. We find that with the growth of population and consequent increase in the food demands, the food production has also increased, and this has been made possible with the intensification of irrigation. However, during the recent decade (after 1996), the increase in food production has not been sufficient to meet its growing demands, precipitating a decline in the per-capita food availability. We also find a statistically significant declining trend of groundwater storage in India during the last decade, as derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite datasets. Regional studies reveal contrasting trends between northern and western–central India. North-western India and the middle Ganga basin show a decrease in the groundwater storage as opposed to an increasing storage over western–central India. Comparison with well data reveals that the highest consistency of GRACE-derived storage data with available well measurements is in the middle Ganga basin. After analysing the data for the last 2 decades, we further showcase that, after a drought, the groundwater storage drops but is unable to recover to its original condition even after good monsoon years. The groundwater storage reveals a very strong negative correlation with the electricity consumption for agricultural usage, which may also be considered as a proxy for groundwater pumped for irrigation in a region. The electricity usage for agricultural purposes has an increasing trend and, interestingly, it does not have any correlation with the monsoon rainfall as computed with the original or de-trended variables. This reveals an important finding that the irrigation has been intensified irrespective of rainfall. This also resulted in a decreasing correlation between the food production and monsoon rainfall, revealing the increasing dependency of agricultural activities on irrigation. We conclude that irrigation has now become essential for agriculture to meet the food demand; however, it should be judiciously regulated and controlled, based on the water availability from monsoon rainfall, specifically after the drought years, as it is essential to recover from the deficits suffered previously.

scholarly journals ON THE SALINITY DECREASE IN OPPA BAY CAUSED BY A SNOW-MELT FRESHET FROM KITAKAMI RIVER

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 1225-1230
Author(s):  
Tadaharu ISHIKAWA ◽  
Kentaro KUDO ◽  
Yohei SAKAI ◽  
Mitsuteru IRIE ◽  
Hyunseok LEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snow Melt

Experiments on wind-driven heat exchange processes over melting snow

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Haugeneder ◽  
Tobias Jonas ◽  
Dylan Reynolds ◽  
Michael Lehning ◽  
Rebecca Mott
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Internal Boundary ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Snow Melt ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Near Surface

&lt;p&gt;Snowmelt runoff predictions in alpine catchments are challenging because of the high spatial variability of t&lt;span&gt;he snow cover driven by &lt;/span&gt;various snow accumulation and ablation processes. In spring, the coexistence of bare and snow-covered ground engages a number of processes such as the enhanced lateral advection of heat over partial snow cover, the development of internal boundary layers, and atmospheric decoupling effects due to increasing stability at the snow cover. The interdependency of atmospheric conditions, topographic settings and snow coverage remains a challenge to accurately account for these processes in snow melt models.&lt;br&gt;In this experimental study, we used an Infrared Camera (VarioCam) pointing at thin synthetic projection screens with negligible heat capacity. Using the surface temperature of the screen as a proxy for the air temperature, we obtained a two-dimensional instantaneous measurement. Screens were installed across the transition between snow-free and snow-covered areas. With IR-measurements taken at 10Hz, we capture&lt;span&gt; the dynamics of turbulent temperature fluctuations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;over the patchy snow cover at high spatial and temporal resolution. From this data we were able to obtain high-frequency, two-dimensional windfield estimations adjacent to the surface.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Preliminary results show the formation of a stable internal boundary layer (SIBL), which was temporally highly variable. Our data suggest that the SIBL height is very shallow and strongly sensitive to the mean near-surface wind speed. Only strong gusts were capable of penetrating through this SIBL leading to an enhanced energy input to the snow surface.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;With these type of results from our experiments and further measurements this spring we aim to better understand small scale energy transfer processes over patch snow cover and it&amp;#8217;s dependency on the atmospheric conditions, enabling to improve parameterizations of these processes in coarser-resolution snow melt models.&lt;/p&gt;

Glaciohydrology of the Himalaya-Karakoram

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. eabf3668
Author(s):  
Mohd. Farooq Azam ◽  
Jeffrey S. Kargel ◽  
Joseph M. Shea ◽  
Santosh Nepal ◽  
Umesh K. Haritashya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Snow Melt ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Critical Knowledge ◽  
Glacier Melt ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources Management ◽  
The Himalaya ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources

Understanding the response of Himalayan-Karakoram (HK) rivers to climate change is crucial for ~1 billion people who partly depend on these water resources. Policymakers tasked with the sustainable water resources management for agriculture, hydropower, drinking, sanitation, and hazards require an assessment of rivers’ current status and potential future changes. This review demonstrates that glacier and snow melt are important components of HK rivers, with greater hydrological importance for the Indus than Ganges and Brahmaputra basins. Total river runoff, glacier melt, and seasonality of flow are projected to increase until the 2050s, with some exceptions and large uncertainties. Critical knowledge gaps severely affect modeled contributions of different runoff components, future runoff volumes and seasonality. Therefore, comprehensive field- and remote sensing-based methods and models are needed.

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