scholarly journals Correction to: Composition, Formation, and Occurrence of Polymetallic Nodules

2018 ◽  
pp. E1-E1
Author(s):  
T. Kuhn ◽  
A. Wegorzewski ◽  
C. Rühlemann ◽  
A. Vink
Keyword(s):  
Composition Formation ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules

Composition, Formation, and Occurrence of Polymetallic Nodules

2017 ◽  
pp. 23-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kuhn ◽  
A. Wegorzewski ◽  
C. Rühlemann ◽  
A. Vink
Keyword(s):  
Composition Formation ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules

scholarly journals Honing in on bioluminescent milky seas from space

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Miller ◽  
Steven H. D. Haddock ◽  
William C. Straka ◽  
Curtis J. Seaman ◽  
Cynthia L. Combs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Maritime Continent ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Composition Formation ◽  
Mass Isolation ◽  
New Generation

AbstractMilky seas are a rare form of marine bioluminescence where the nocturnal ocean surface produces a widespread, uniform and steady whitish glow. Mariners have compared their appearance to a daylit snowfield that extends to all horizons. Encountered most often in remote waters of the northwest Indian Ocean and the Maritime Continent, milky seas have eluded rigorous scientific inquiry, and thus little is known about their composition, formation mechanism, and role within the marine ecosystem. The Day/Night Band (DNB), a new-generation spaceborne low-light imager, holds potential to detect milky seas, but the capability has yet to be demonstrated. Here, we show initial examples of DNB-detected milky seas based on a multi-year (2012–2021) search. The massive bodies of glowing ocean, sometimes exceeding 100,000 km2 in size, persist for days to weeks, drift within doldrums amidst the prevailing sea surface currents, and align with narrow ranges of sea surface temperature and biomass in a way that suggests water mass isolation. These findings show how spaceborne assets can now help guide research vessels toward active milky seas to learn more about them.

Alternative Resources for Producing Nickel Matte - Laterite Ores and Polymetallic Nodules

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Kun Su ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
John Parianos ◽  
Zhixiang Cui ◽  
Baojun Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Matte ◽  
Laterite Ores ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules

Principles of Structure and Phase Composition Formation in Composite Master Alloys of the Al–Ti–B/B4c Systems Used for Aluminum Alloy Modification

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2025-2031 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Zhukov ◽  
V. V. Promakhov ◽  
A. E. Matveev ◽  
V. V. Platov ◽  
A. P. Khrustalev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Phase Composition ◽  
Composition Formation ◽  
Master Alloys ◽  
Alloys Of The Al

scholarly journals Quantitative Expression of the Burial Phenomenon of Deep Seafloor Manganese Nodules

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Akira Tsune
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Mathematical Expression ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Visual Data ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Quantitative Expression ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules ◽  
Geological Origin

Manganese (polymetallic) nodules on the deep seafloor in the open ocean have attracted great interest because of their economic potential. Visual data on nodules found on the deep seafloor such as photographs and videos have increased exponentially with the recent progress of related technologies. These data are expected to reflect useful information for estimating these mineral resources, as well as understanding their geological origin. Although the size, number, and coverage of manganese nodules have been measured in seafloor images, the burial of such nodules has not been sufficiently examined. This paper focuses on mathematical expression of the burial of the manganese nodules and attempts to quantitatively elucidate relations among burial degree and nodule geological parameters. The results, that is, a dataset obtained by calculations of relations among parameters, are also utilized for considerations of quantitative expression of burial. These considerations are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the geological origin of manganese nodules.

The Enrichment Regularity of Rare Earth Elements and Resource Characteristics in Polymetallic Nodules/Crusts

2011 ◽  
Vol 284-286 ◽  
pp. 2497-2500
Author(s):  
Lian Feng Gao ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Zhen Guo Zhang ◽  
Chang Shui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Cobalt Nickel ◽  
Mineral Development ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Resource Characteristics ◽  
Iron Manganese

Polymetallic nodules/crusts are one of the most important mineral deposits in the ocean, in which iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, nickel and other metals are rich, and rare earth elements are rich, too. In this study, the contents of 11 rare earth samples in polymetallic nodules/crusts from the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean and north of the South China Sea are analyzed. The average content of rare earth in polymetallic nodules/crusts is 1265.57×10-6, the average content of nodules is 1096.96×10-6, and the average content of crust is 1623.88×10-6. The enrichment of rare earth elements is controlled by iron and manganese oxides and clay minerals in nodules/crusts, which could absorb rare earth elements from seawater and sediment. Ce elements are highly enriched, making polymetallic nodules/crusts become the first used rare earth elements in mineral development.

Polymetallic Nodules: Resource Potential and Mining Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Rahul Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules ◽  
International Seabed Authority

Abstract Deep-sea minerals such as polymetallic nodules have attracted significant interest among stakeholders not only for evaluating their potential as an alternative source of critical metals that are required for various industrial applications including green energy but also in developing technology for their exploitation. There has been a steady increase in the number of contractors having exploration rights over large tracts on the seafloor in the “Area,” and the International Seabed Authority that is mandated with the responsibility of regulating such activities is in the process of preparing a code for exploitation of these deep-sea minerals. This commentary takes a look at the resource potential and mining prospects of polymetallic nodules while addressing the economic and environmental issues associated with them.

Long-Term Monitoring and Research in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Laurence P. Madin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules ◽  
Continuous Presence ◽  
Offshore Oil Industry ◽  
Offshore Oil ◽  
Term Monitoring

Abstract The widely recognized need for large-scale transition from fossil to renewable energy sources has led to renewed effort to obtain metals needed for battery-based electric transportation and other functions. A potential source of some of these metals is the deposits of polymetallic nodules on the deep seafloor. If mining of these deposits proceeds in the coming decade, the enterprise creates an opportunity for extensive, long-term oceanographic research in the mining locations. The need to monitor environmental effects of mining activity can best be met with a near-continuous presence of a research platform in the vicinity. The platform could be a ship or potentially a semi-submersible platform like those used in the offshore oil industry. Such a facility might be supported by a consortium of mining companies and also provide opportunities for academic research in ocean and climate science.

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