Polymetallic Nodules: Resource Potential and Mining Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Rahul Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules ◽  
International Seabed Authority

Abstract Deep-sea minerals such as polymetallic nodules have attracted significant interest among stakeholders not only for evaluating their potential as an alternative source of critical metals that are required for various industrial applications including green energy but also in developing technology for their exploitation. There has been a steady increase in the number of contractors having exploration rights over large tracts on the seafloor in the “Area,” and the International Seabed Authority that is mandated with the responsibility of regulating such activities is in the process of preparing a code for exploitation of these deep-sea minerals. This commentary takes a look at the resource potential and mining prospects of polymetallic nodules while addressing the economic and environmental issues associated with them.

Submarine and deep-sea mine tailing placements: A review of current practices, environmental issues, natural analogs and knowledge gaps in Norway and internationally

2015 ◽  
Vol 97 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Ramirez-Llodra ◽  
Hilde C. Trannum ◽  
Anita Evenset ◽  
Lisa A. Levin ◽  
Malin Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Mine Tailing ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Current Practices

Analyses and evaluation of the main chemical components in different tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. e389
Author(s):  
M. Camlica ◽  
G. Yaldiz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Tobacco Seeds

The nicotine, reducing sugar and ion contents from the threshing of tobacco can re-used from the industry. The crude oil and fatty oil compositions of tobacco seeds can be considered as an alternative source of raw material for biodiesel. In this study, the nicotine, reducing sugar content, crude oil, fatty acid composition and ion content were determined in 29 genotypes and 1 cultivar of tobacco. The genetic diversity was determined among the tobacco cultivar and genotypes base on examined properties. The nicotine content varied between 0.10-0.87%, reducing sugar ranged from 9.70-21.30%, crude oil varied between 24.33-47.00% and fatty acid compositions was found in the range of 77.94-100%. Linoleic (13.92-75.04%) and butyric (0.33-64.98%) acids were the major components. Overall, the BSR-5 (52.56 mg/g) and ESR-5 (44.58 mg/g) genotypes exhibited the highest potassium contents and ESR-7 (6.54 mg/g) and ESR-8 (1.28 mg/g) genotypes had the lowest chlorine contents. As a result of this study, the highest nicotine content, reducing sugar and crude oil of tobacco were found in ESR-4, ESR-11 and BSR-5 genotypes, respectively. The dendrogram analysis divided the tobacco into two main groups and most of the same origin genotypes fell into the same group. The results indicated that the different tobacco leaves and seeds can be evaluated as an alternative source in the industry as cigarettes, biodiesel and different industrial applications such as cosmetic, oil paints and varnishes based on their chemical properties.

scholarly journals Silurian metalliferous nodules from the region of Asaritsa peak, West Balkan mountain – preliminary results

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-77
Author(s):  
Atanas Hikov ◽  
Valeri Sachanski ◽  
Zlatka Milakovska ◽  
Elitsa Stefanova ◽  
Irena Peytcheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Deposition Mechanism ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Polymetallic Nodule ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules

First data for polymetallic nodules and host sediments in Silurian sequence from the region of Asaritsa peak, West Balkan mountain are presented. The nodules are rich of Fe, Mn, Co and Ni. Both sediments and nodules have high content of REE. The described Silurian nodules and sediments show a number of similarities with modern deep-sea polymetallic nodule bearing sediments. Some differences such as probable depth of deposition, mechanism of nodule formation, degree of lithification are also established.

scholarly journals Global utilisation of cereals: sustainability and environmental issues

Agro-Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
O.O. Olugbire ◽  
S. Olorunfemi ◽  
D.O. Oke
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Future Demands

Over the years, cereals have been the major food consumed by humans and have also been used in animal diet and therefore highly commendable for playing a major role in the preservation of human race. Studies have shown that half of the total percentage of calories consumed in the world is from cereals while it is also the most traded agricultural crop at the international market. This motivates the need to assess its utilisation in the past, present and future. This review shows that much driven by the use of cereals are factors like consumption and dietary pattern of a person or country, technological advancement in adding value to it, income status, market forces of demand and supply, level of affluence and policy. The trend in global cereals utilisation since its domestication has indicated an upward one with bulk of it being consumed as food in developing countries while majority of it goes into feeding livestock in developed countries. Evidence from this study also shows that the per capita utilisation of cereals directly for food is exceedingly great in developing countries than developed countries which is an indicator of malnutrition when not balance with other nutrients as it was observed in Bangladesh where calorie intake of an adult is about 90% from cereals. While there is a steady increase in global cereals utilisation due to its discovered industrial use as fuel, increased population and other factors, it will be expedient to focus on its sustainability and environmental issues that are likely to come up as a limitation to meet future demands.

China

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-205
Author(s):  
Stephen E. Gent ◽  
Mark J. C. Crescenzi
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Market Power ◽  
South China ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Gray Zone ◽  
China Seas ◽  
Mineral Extraction ◽  
International Seabed Authority

This chapter examines how the pursuit of market power over rare earth elements (REEs) influences China’s use of strategic delay in East and South China Seas. As the dominant global producer of REEs, China has the ability to set prices in this market. The desire to maintain this market power motivates China to continue to push its long-standing claims to sovereignty over seabed resources in the East and South China Seas. International institutions such as UNCLOS and the International Seabed Authority do not provide a dispute-resolution option that allows China to maintain unfettered access to deep sea mineral extraction. At the same time, China’s economic dependence on Japan and the global REE market constrains China from turning to military escalation to press its claims. Instead, China has relied upon strategic delay and gray zone tactics to gradually expand its presence in the East and South China Seas.

scholarly journals Bioactive Products from Endophytic Fungi of Sages (Salvia spp.)

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Zimowska ◽  
Monika Bielecka ◽  
Barbara Abramczyk ◽  
Rosario Nicoletti
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Disruptive Innovation ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Biotechnological Potential ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
The World

In the aim of implementing new technologies, sustainable solutions and disruptive innovation to sustain biodiversity and reduce environmental pollution, there is a growing interest by researchers all over the world in bioprospecting endophytic microbial communities as an alternative source of bioactive compounds to be used for industrial applications. Medicinal plants represent a considerable source of endophytic fungi of outstanding importance, which highlights the opportunity of identifying and screening endophytes associated with this unique group of plants, widespread in diverse locations and biotopes, in view of assessing their biotechnological potential. As the first contribution of a series of papers dedicated to the Lamiaceae, this article reviews the occurrence and properties of endophytic fungi associated with sages (Salvia spp.).

scholarly journals Rare Earth Elements and Other Critical Metals in Deep Seabed Mineral Deposits: Composition and Implications for Resource Potential

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Joon Pak ◽  
Inah Seo ◽  
Kyeong-Yong Lee ◽  
Kiseong Hyeong
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Rare Earth Oxide ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Ion Adsorption ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Deep Sea Sediment

The critical metal contents of four types of seabed mineral resources, including a deep-sea sediment deposit, are evaluated as potential rare earth element (REE) resources. The deep-sea resources have relatively low total rare earth oxide (TREO) contents, a narrow range of TREO grades (0.049–0.185%), and show characteristics that are consistent with those of land-based ion adsorption REE deposits. The relative REO distributions of the deep-seabed resources are also consistent with those of ion adsorption REE deposits on land. REEs that are not part of a crystal lattice of host minerals within deep-sea mineral deposits are favorable for mining, as there is no requirement for crushing and/or pulverizing during ore processing. Furthermore, low concentrations of Th and U reduce the risk of adverse environmental impacts. Despite the low TREO grades of the deep-seabed mineral deposits, a significant TREO yield from polymetallic nodules and REE-bearing deep-sea sediments from the Korean tenements has been estimated (1 Mt and 8 Mt, respectively). Compared with land-based REE deposits, deep-sea mineral deposits can be considered as low-grade mineral deposits with a large tonnage. The REEs and critical metals from deep-sea mineral deposits are important by-products and co-products of the main commodities (e.g., Co and Ni), and may increase the economic feasibility of their extraction.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document