Language Transfer vs. Language Talent? Individual Differences and Aptitude in L2 Phonology of Persian-Speaking Learners of English

Author(s):  
Zhaleh Ghafoorian Maddah ◽  
Susanne M. Reiterer
Babel ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Sorvali

Abstract The translation process is studied from the translator's point of view. The translator is considered as an individual, i.e. as a creative being, and the process proper is thus seen as a typically human one. Translation strategies have been described in various ways within the framework of translation studies (TS). Transfer as such has very often been studied by linguistic analysis, but this is not sufficient to characterize the process itself. Other kinds of information are needed, which we can best obtain by interviewing translators. The interview method has not been widely used in TS, but it can provide very useful material on the creative nature of the translation process. Aesthetic and emotional values are of great importance in literary translation, but it is very difficult to measure them. Translators chiefly engaged with language written for special purposes (LSP) can be interviewed in a more objective way. Every translator has his principles of translating, and these can display very great variation, due to the creativity of the translator, but there are also phenomena that are common to all translating and all language transfer. There are thus individual and inter-individual differences, but also similarities. It is these differences and similarities that are described here. Résumé Le processus de la traduction est étudié du point de vue du traducteur considéré comme une entité individuelle, c'est-à-dire comme un être créatif, et par conséquent, le processus de traduction est considéré comme étant une activité typiquement humaine. Dans le cadre des études consacrées à la traduction (ET), les stratégies de la traduction ont été décrites de plusieurs manières différentes. En tant que stratégie, le transfert a souvent été étudié par le biais de l'analyse linguistique, mais en soi, cette approche est insuffisante pour caractériser le processus de traduction. Les ET n'ont pas souvent eu recours à la métode d'interview qui s'avère pourtant très utile pour faire apparaître l'aspect créatif du processus de traduction. Dans la traduction littéraire, les valeurs esthétiques et sentimentales sont très importantes mais il n'en demeure pas moins qu'elles sont aussi très difficiles à mesurer. Les traducteurs qui traduisent essentiellement des textes rédigés dans un but spécifique (TBS) peuvent être interviewés d'une manière plus objective. Chaque traducteur applique ses propres principes de traduction qui peuvent grandement varier selon la créativité du traducteur, mais il y a cependant des phénomènes communs à toutes les traductions et a tous les tranferts linguistiques. On peut donc affirmer qu'il y a des différences individuelles et inter-individuelles mais aussi des similitudes. Ce sont précisément ces differences et similitudes que l'auteur souhaite décrire dans le présent article.


2012 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 79-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Hanulíková ◽  
Dan Dediu ◽  
Zhou Fang ◽  
Jana Bašnaková ◽  
Falk Huettig

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.


2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Mundy

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.


2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.


2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily F. Wissel ◽  
Leigh K. Smith

Abstract The target article suggests inter-individual variability is a weakness of microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research, but we discuss why it is actually a strength. We comment on how accounting for individual differences can help researchers systematically understand the observed variance in microbiota composition, interpret null findings, and potentially improve the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in future clinical microbiome research.


1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L. Wadle

Lack of training is only an excuse for not collaborating outside of the therapy room. With our present training, speech-language clinicians have many skills to share in the regular classroom setting. This training has provided skills in task analysis, a language focus, an appreciation and awareness of individual differences in learning, and motivational techniques.


2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4335-4350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth E. Tichenor ◽  
J. Scott Yaruss

Purpose This study explored group experiences and individual differences in the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings perceived by adults who stutter. Respondents' goals when speaking and prior participation in self-help/support groups were used to predict individual differences in reported behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Method In this study, 502 adults who stutter completed a survey examining their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in and around moments of stuttering. Data were analyzed to determine distributions of group and individual experiences. Results Speakers reported experiencing a wide range of both overt behaviors (e.g., repetitions) and covert behaviors (e.g., remaining silent, choosing not to speak). Having the goal of not stuttering when speaking was significantly associated with more covert behaviors and more negative cognitive and affective states, whereas a history of self-help/support group participation was significantly associated with a decreased probability of these behaviors and states. Conclusion Data from this survey suggest that participating in self-help/support groups and having a goal of communicating freely (as opposed to trying not to stutter) are associated with less negative life outcomes due to stuttering. Results further indicate that the behaviors, thoughts, and experiences most commonly reported by speakers may not be those that are most readily observed by listeners.


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