Russia’s Trade Relations: Structural Adjustment, Geographical Patterns and Terms of Trade

2004 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Olga Nosova
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Geographical Patterns

Analysis of regional markets for heavy industry and machine building products (in the example of Azerbaijan economy)

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-33
Author(s):  
Arzu Suleymanov ◽  
Malik Mehdiyev ◽  
Rauf Musayev ◽  
Mehpara Orujova ◽  
Vusal Huseynov
Keyword(s):  
Machine Building ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Heavy Industry ◽  
Building Products ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
The Russian Federation

The presented article analyzes regional markets, for heavy industry and machine building products for the Azerbaijani economy. In terms of trade relations and territory, the markets of Turkey, the Russian Federation, Georgia, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Moldova, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Armenia were selected and evaluated. The database of the study consists of mutual import and export data for the mentioned countries in 2014–2018. Based on the import-export data collected covering the years 2014–2018 on six-digit codes of regional markets, the revealed comparative advantage and localization coefficients on import and export were calculated. As a result, importing and exporting countries have been identified in the regional markets through the calculated coefficients for each of the 5 years of heavy industry and machine building products considered. Thus, in terms of imports and exports, the countries with the highest coefficients were selected.

China’s trade and economic relations with Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania in the 21st century

2021 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Kirill S. Kravtsov
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Trade Intensity ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Mineral Sector ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Leading Position

The study analyzes the current level of China's trade and economic relations with Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania. The research methods include comparative-historical and economic analysis with the use of trade intensity and trade complementarity indices. The author concluded that Algeria enjoys a leading position in terms of trade flows between the countries and investment from China. Morocco is in the second place in terms of trade turnover, while Mauritania has the smallest volume. The most diversified trade is between the PRC and Morocco, as there is not only the mineral sector (as in the case of the other two countries), but also the services and electronics sectors. Traditional areas of trade and economic cooperation in the field of mining have demonstrated a low level of trade complementarity for the China-Algeria, China-Mauritania pairs. The most promising industries, according to the results of the study, are China’s machinery, the service sector and agriculture. The intensity of trade flows was higher in the period 2010-2019 on the part of the PRC in the China-Algeria, China-Morocco pairs. The disparity in the intensity of trade progressed throughout the period for the China-Algeria pair, while the intensity remained the same for the China-Morocco pair. Mauritaniais the country with the highest trade intensity index with the PRC. Moreover, the intensity on the part of Mauritania was higher than on the part of the PRC throughout the entire period. The data obtained confirmed the importance of the region in China's foreign trade relations, a trend that may develop in the future.

African Market Women, Market Queens, and Merchant Queens

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gracia Clark
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
Trading Patterns ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Market Women ◽  
Ancient Times

In the open marketplaces found in cities and villages throughout Africa, women traders usually predominate. This gives women considerable weight as economic actors, because these marketplace systems are the primary distributive networks in most parts of Africa. A large proportion of Africa’s consumer goods and foodstuffs move through their intricate chains of intermediaries, which can include market retailers, neighborhood shops, street vendors, wholesalers, and travelers who collect goods from farms, factories, and ports. Although the vast majority of women traders live at or below the poverty line, some have risen to powerful positions that earn them the sobriquet of queen. Different regions of Africa show distinctive patterns of trading practices and of men and women’s participation in specific trading roles, reflecting specific gendered histories of precolonial trade, colonial interventions, and waves of national policy. These variations arise not from some primordial isolation, but from traders’ varied positioning within longstanding trade relations that have linked Africans since ancient times between regions, across the Sahara Desert and over adjoining oceans. Women’s trading roles are more highly developed in western Africa than in eastern, northern, and southern Africa, where precolonial trading patterns were more radically disrupted by conquest, land appropriation, and apartheid. Ideologies and arenas of practice such as Islam, Christianity, modernization, socialism, structural adjustment, and globalization likewise shape the constraints and opportunities facing women traders in any given situation. Because these influences operate around the globe, though not uniformly, they to some extent create parallel or convergent trends in widely separated nations. Deepening economic pressures today push even more women and men into trading to support their families and sustain the hope of prosperity. Market women struggle individually and collectively to keep their communities going under difficult circumstances that make formal economic channels function poorly. Their determined efforts give African economies more resilience as they respond to the challenges of war, political instability, and climate change.

Human Rights and Structural Adjustment

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rodwan Abouharb ◽  
David Cingranelli
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Structural Adjustment

Is there a regional culture in Russia? Opportunities of using a sociocultural approach in economics

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Bryzgalin ◽  
Е. N. Nikishina
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Regional Culture ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Sociocultural Approach ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Russian Universities

The paper investigates cross-cultural differences across Russian regions using the methodology of G. Hofstede. First, it discusses the most common approaches in measuring culture and the application of the Hofstede methodology in subnational studies. It identifies the critical issues in measuring culture at the regional level and suggests several strategies to address them. Secondly, the paper introduces subregional data on individualism and uncertainty avoidance using a survey of students across 27 Russian universities. The data allow to establish geographical patterns of individualism in Russia. It is demonstrated that collectivism is most prevalent in the Volga region, while individualism characteristic becomes stronger towards the Far East. The findings are robust to the inclusion of various controls and different specifications of the regression model. Finally, the paper provides a discussion about the potential of applying the sociocultural approach in economics.

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