China’s trade and economic relations with Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania in the 21st century

2021 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Kirill S. Kravtsov
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Trade Intensity ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Mineral Sector ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Leading Position

The study analyzes the current level of China's trade and economic relations with Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania. The research methods include comparative-historical and economic analysis with the use of trade intensity and trade complementarity indices. The author concluded that Algeria enjoys a leading position in terms of trade flows between the countries and investment from China. Morocco is in the second place in terms of trade turnover, while Mauritania has the smallest volume. The most diversified trade is between the PRC and Morocco, as there is not only the mineral sector (as in the case of the other two countries), but also the services and electronics sectors. Traditional areas of trade and economic cooperation in the field of mining have demonstrated a low level of trade complementarity for the China-Algeria, China-Mauritania pairs. The most promising industries, according to the results of the study, are China’s machinery, the service sector and agriculture. The intensity of trade flows was higher in the period 2010-2019 on the part of the PRC in the China-Algeria, China-Morocco pairs. The disparity in the intensity of trade progressed throughout the period for the China-Algeria pair, while the intensity remained the same for the China-Morocco pair. Mauritaniais the country with the highest trade intensity index with the PRC. Moreover, the intensity on the part of Mauritania was higher than on the part of the PRC throughout the entire period. The data obtained confirmed the importance of the region in China's foreign trade relations, a trend that may develop in the future.

scholarly journals Determinants of trade intensity of Egypt with COMESA Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samah SA Elmorsy
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Policy Implication ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Trade Intensity ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Econometric Methodology

Egypt has joined to COMESA since May 1998 in order to promote its economic relations with the rest of member states, especially the trade relations, so the aim of the paper is to assess COMESA regional integration efforts and to identify the most effective and important variables that determine trade intensity of Egypt with COMESA countries. To achieve the aim of the paper, estimation of Trade Intensity Index (TII) of Egypt with COMESA was adopted, and econometric methodology (gravity model) was used to estimate the variables that have the major effect on Egypt’s trade with COMESA.The paper concludes that there are opportunities to increase Egypt’s Trade with COMESA, after applying gravity model paper concludes that Gross Domestic Product and existence of sharing borders are the most effective variables that determine Egypt trade with COMESA, paper also defined the major obstacles of regional integration in COMESA and presented some policy implication.

scholarly journals AN EXAMINATION OF RECENT TRENDS, COMPOSITION AND TRADE INTENSITY OF NIGERIA-BRAZIL BILATERAL RELATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Kabiru Hannafi Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Trade Intensity ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flow ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
High Possibility

This paper examines the trends, composition and trade intensity of Nigeria-Brazil bilateral trade relations for the period 2000-2017. Tables, graphs, and trade intensity index were employed. The results indicate that Nigeria's trade with Brazil has significantly recorded impressive growth. However, the share of major products exported to Brazil over the period remained insignificant with the exception of mineral fuels. The results further show that the share of major products imported from Brazil is significant, indicating that Brazilian exports to Nigeria are more diversified than that of Nigeria's export to Brazil. The trade intensity index indicates high trade intensities between the countries and the high possibility of increasing bilateral trade flow. Based on these findings, the study recommends the need for Nigeria’s export to be restructured in order to reduce the prevailing role of mineral fuels to Nigeria's exports through diversification and identification of new export opportunities in Brazilian markets.

scholarly journals Foreign trade relations of the European Union: transformations for the first 20 years of the XXI century (2001—2020)

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
I. S. Gladkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Foreign Trade Turnover ◽  
First Time

The most important changes in the dynamics of foreign trade turnover of the European Union, as the leading collective subject of modern international trade, are considered for the first time during the first two decades of the XXI century. The shifts in the positions of the European Union in the system of global commodity exchange in the context of the changing numerical composition of the grouping are shown. The trends in the geographical structure of the EU’s export-import activities outside the bloc, including foreign trade relations with the Russian Federation, are analyzed. The main changes in the commodity composition of export and import of products outside of this integration association are revealed. The conclusions are drawn that, despite the large-scale challenges and crises that have manifested themselves over the twenty-year period, the European Union has managed to maintain a leading position in global trade thanks to its wellthought- out and flexible foreign trade policy. The methodology of comparative and statistical analysis is used on the basis of the latest statistical materials, a number of official and numerous calculated author’s data introduced into Russian scientific circulation for the first time.

scholarly journals MODERN CONDITION OF TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF REGIONS OF UKRAINE AND REPUBLIC OF POLAND

2017 ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Ya. Oliynyk ◽  
V. Obodovska
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Trade Show ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Foreign Trade Turnover

The most important part of Ukrainian-Polish cooperation is trade and economic sphere. Exactly it represents the real state of cooperation between the two countries at the regional level, but not only declares Partnership in official documents, are shown. Republic of Poland is the largest trade partner of Ukraine among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and occupies a fourth place on results 2015, as well as in previous years (since 2007), after the volumes of export-import operations by the partner of Ukrainian the world (after Russia, China and Germany). Therefore, enhancing and strengthening trade relations Ukraine with Republic of Poland is extremely important and necessary to improve the socio-economic situation of the regions as well as in the whole country, are investigated. Contemporary characteristics of trade and economic cooperation between regions of Ukraine and Republic of Poland are explored. Foreign trade turnover (goods+services), exports and imports of goods and services regions of Ukraine with Republic of Poland for 2007-2015 years, are analyzed. Detailed characteristics of these indicators in a regional context and established the trend for the years 2007-2015 years dynamics are given. Ukraine regions with the largest foreign trade turnover (goods + services), exports and imports of goods and services described with Republic of Poland are disclosed. The strongest foreign economic relations of regions of Ukraine with Republic of Poland during the analyzed period are revealed. In the regional aspect the largest external trade (goods + services) in Ukraine with Republic of Poland for 2007-2015 year are: Kyiv region with city Kyiv – 13680,1 mln. USD (27.9%), Lvivska – 7524 mln. USD (15.3%) and Dnipropetrovska – 6467,5 mln. USD (13.2%) regions. The high volume of foreign trade show Donetska – 3239,5 mln. USD (6.6%), Zaporizka – 2706,4 mln. USD (5.5%), Ternopilska – 1941 mln. USD (4.0%), Luhanska – 1920,2 mln. USD (3.9%) and Volynska – 1785 mln. USD (3.6%) regions.

scholarly journals NIGERIA-CHINA: AN EXAMINATION OF RECENT BILATERAL TRADE RELATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kabiru Hannafi Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Export Promotion ◽  
Trade Intensity ◽  
Trade Imbalance ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Intensity Index ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
High Possibility

This study examines the trends, composition, and intensity of Nigeria-China bilateral trade for the period, 1992-2016. Tables, graphs, and trade intensity formula were used. The results show that Nigeria’s trade with China has considerably recorded remarkable growth. With the exception of mineral fuels and products of their distillation, the share of major products exported to China over the period remained insignificant. More importantly, the results reveal that the share of major products imported from China remained significant, indicating that Chinese exports supply to Nigeria is more diversified than that of Nigeria's exports supply to China. Nigeria’s trade intensity index shows a low possibility of increasing export to China and a high possibility of increasing import from China. In the case of China, there is exists a high possibility of increasing its export and decreasing its import to and from Nigeria. Based on the study’s findings, the study recommends an urgent need for Nigeria's government to encourage the export of various products in order to promote bilateral trade and mitigate the existing trade imbalance. The study further recommends the need for government, researchers, and export promotion agencies to identify new market opportunities for Nigeria's exports in the Chinese market.

Features of intraregional trade turnover of Southern Federal District

2021 ◽  
pp. 186-194
Author(s):  
Elena О. Mirgorodskaya ◽  
Sergey А. Sukhinin
Keyword(s):  
Federal District ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
Regional Economic Policy ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Statistical Indicators

The economic interaction of the constituent entities of Russian Federation is manifested in the strengthening of mutual trade contacts between them. An indicator of mutual trade between regions is intraregional trade turnover. The purpose of this article was to identify and substantiate the features of the intraregional trade turnover of Southern Federal District based on data on its levels, dynamics and structure. At the same time, the trade turnover was considered as a result of the development of mutual trade flows and an indicator of the effectiveness of trade and economic relations between regions. In the course of the study, the economic and statistical method prevailed, associated with the calculation, analysis and interpretation of relative statistical indicators, their visualization through graphic-analytical images. Based on the system of statistical indicators, the article examines the specific features of intraregional trade turnover of Southern Federal District in comparison with data from other federal districts of Russia and national levels. Southern Federal District occupies insignificant positions in the ranking of the federal districts of Russia in terms of retail and wholesale turnover, which does not correspond to its resource, production and demographic potential. The authors identified the following features of intraregional trade in Southern Federal District: the predominance of the segment of private trade enterprises in retail trade; a high share of the market and fair trade format in the sale of consumer goods; dominance of stationary outlets in retail turnover; expansion of network retail. The materials of this article have analytical significance and can be used as an information basis for making managerial decisions in the field of regional economic policy to activate mutual trade flows of the regions of Southern Federal District and expand mutual trade contacts between them.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN INDIA AND BHUTAN DURING SAFTA PERIOD

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Harjeet singh Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Paper Analysis ◽  
Trade Intensity ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Rules Of The Game

The multilateral trade among countries is governed by the rules of the game set out by international institutions such as GATT (1948-95) and WTO (since 1995), but the bilateral trade between countries is practically governed by their political relations and strategic interests. This is equally true about the trade relations between India and Bhutan. Since independence, trade relations between India and Bhutan are governed by Indo-Bhutan friendship treaty 1949. Since the signing of this treaty, Indo-Bhutan bilateral relations are operating under the free trade regime till now. It is important to know how these relations are affected by the changing political and economic environment in this era of globalization. Foreign trade is most important indicator that reveals the health of political as well as economic relations among the nations. Rising volume of trade, trade intensity and complementary indices among nations are signs of healthy political and economic relations. In this paper, analysis of trade relations between India and Bhutan has been done by using statistical techniques of trade openness, trade intensity and export complementarity in order to understand the bilateral ties between two nations in a broader way.

scholarly journals Development of Trade Relations of Bosnia and Hercegovina with Slovenia: Different Aspects and Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Snježana Brkić
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Trade Intensity ◽  
Industry Specialization ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Trade Analysis

AbstractThe paper is aimed at identifying characteristics of trade relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) with the Republic of Slovenia (Slovenia) in order to contribute to determining the position of BiH in its bilateral trade. The foreign trade analysis has been performed in the context of the changing trade regime between the two countries, thereby including both institutional and functional aspects of bilateral trade relations development. Different trade indicators have been calculated and interpreted for the period of 2003-2017 and/or for selected years which were identified by a change in the institutional regulations of mutual trade flows. The research results indicate increasing trade intensity between the two countries, with almost balanced export and import flows and with prevailing inter-industry trade. The trade performance of BiH has significantly improved, with increasing intra-industry specialization and trade. However, the export structure and comparative advantage pattern are not favourable toward BiH, which points to the need for improving the country’s position in its trade with Slovenia.

Trade between Russia and the Maghreb: Trends and Prospects

2020 ◽  
pp. 157-170
Author(s):  
Liudmila V. Shkvarya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Business Culture ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Current State ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Legislative Framework

The article analyzes the current state of trade and economic relations between Russia and the Maghreb. The author considers the objectives of this cooperation, its potential and dynamics, as well as models of its implementation. The author comes to the conclusion that the potential of trade and economic cooperation is far from exhausted. Trade relations between the two countries developed ambiguously in the formation of the tendency to increase trade turnover. Investments remain insignificant, however, in the presence of a number of joint projects. Trade is unbalanced, both by country and by export-import flows, by year. Among the reasons, the author highlights the lack of timely and reliable information about the state of the partner countries ' markets, their legislative framework, mentality and peculiarities of business culture, as well as the preservation of models of interaction that do not correspond to modern realities, including the lack of understanding of the importance of the region in Russia. The author substantiates the point of view that the parties have both the opportunity and the need to further develop the potential of trade and economic cooperation to strengthen the Russian presence in the region, represented by both public and private structures in a number of areas, among which a special place is occupied by energy, engineering, chemistry and petrochemistry. In addition, it is important to intensify the development of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Maghreb countries in the social sphere, primarily in the areas of health and education, as well as in the cultural sphere.

scholarly journals Factors of the Russian-Chinese economic relations development in the Eurasian integration field

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Maksim V. Selyukov ◽  
◽  
Natalia P. Shalygina ◽  
Anna M. Kulik ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. We can confidently say already that in the current conditions of global economic development, China is the most important and priority partner in the development of our country’s foreign economic activity. Theoretical analysis. The development of a strategic approach to bilateral economic cooperation with China is the most relevant in the modern system of coordinates of Russia’s foreign economic activity. Nowadays China is really the most important and priority partner in the issues related to the development of our country’s foreign economic activity. There have been different stages in the history of relations between Russia and China, but their current state gives hope for even greater mutually beneficial effect in the strategic perspective. The need to study the formation, transformation and development of Russian-Chinese relations in the context of foreign economic relations and projects is due to the growing influence of China in Russia over the past four years, the cooling of relations between Russia and the West after the events of 2014 and the Russian “turn to the East”. Empirical analysis. Speaking about the effectiveness of foreign trade relations between Russia and China in 2019, it should be noted that Russia’s trade turnover with China in 2019 increased by 3.4% to $110.76 billion, including Russia’s exports to China increased by 3.2% to $61.05 billion, imports from China to Russia increased by 3.6% to $49.7 billion. In comparison, the trade turnover between China and the United States fell by 14.6% to $541.22 billion againist the background of a trade war between these countries. It amounted to USD 541.22 billion, with USD 418 billion coming from China to America. Results. The prerequisites and factors for further development of relations and deepening of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and China have recently been growing. In addition to classical factors: geographical, territorial and, consequently, common border, which allows the development of new forms of cooperation and business (cross-border trade, cross-border economic zones and clusters, interbank settlements in national currencies in border areas, etc.). Political factors are increasing, as well as the impact of modern world economic trends on deepening bilateral economic relations between the countries. However, it is important to remember that in today’s realities Russia needs China more than China needs Russia.

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