Mineral Resources of Mongolia as a Driving Force of the Country

This article covers the concept of mineral resources, the definition of scientists as a factor in the development of the country, the use of natural resources in developed countries, as well as the focus on human development, the historical development of Mongolia’s mineral sector and the sector. For example, in 2009 the Government of Mongolia signed an agreement with the Canadian company “Ivanhoe Mines” to develop the “Oyu Tolgoi” copper and gold deposit, a list of strategically important mineral deposits announced by the Government of Mongolia, and mineral resources. The contribution of the sector to the social and economic development of Mongolia, the rapid development of countries with low mineral resources such as Southeast Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, the geographical and climatic, foreign and domestic “Mongolia has a vision for sustainable development In order to achieve the goals set out in the “Mongolia 2030” and “VISION 2050” long-term vision of Mongolia’s development, it is necessary to implement development policies and planning tailored to its specific needs.

EXTRACTION MECHANIZATION OF SOFT SOILS

The state economic development is largely determined by the effectiveness of its individual structural elements. Among them, a special place is occupied by trends in the mineral sector, which dictates the requirements and mechanisms for the development of natural resources, creating the basis for a national strategy. However in this area there are a number of unsolved problems, which include: a low level of rational use of machine-technological mining systems from under the water with minimal man-made impact. The authors consider existing and alternative extraction methods of peat raw materials. The tasks facing the mineral resource sector can be solved through technological priority developments of aggregated extraction complexes for the peat raw materials and the equipment modernization for mining complexes. The analysis is carried out and recommendations are made for the working equipment modernization of the aggregated mining complex. Variants of the excavator excavation bucket for the extraction of peat raw materials from under water have been proposed. The results of studies on primary dehydration, combining mining and dewatering cycles in a bucket, are presented; the work gives the recommendations on the bucket use and the expediency of operating the mining machine's extraction body when extracting peat raw materials.

Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Pro Fitabilitas dan Opini Audit Terhadap Audit Delay Pada Sektor Pertambangan dan Mineral di BEI 2013-2019

This research aims to test the company's size, profitability and audit opinion on audit delay in the mining and mineral sector in IDX. This study used samples in the mining and mineral sector in IDX 2013-2019. Based on purposive sampling, the number of mining and mineral companies used in the research sample is as many as 9 companies. Hypothetical testing using panel data regression using the E Views 8.0 program. The results showed that the size of the company had a significant positive effect on audit delay, profitability had no effect on audit delay and audit opinion had a significant negative effect on audit delay.

Environmental aspects of mining geomechanics

The modern technocratic civilization has grown in the conditions of perpetual and irresolvable antagonistic contradiction between the biological essence of human beings as elements of the natural biota of the Earth and the abiological methods used to obtain the needed energy through extermination of the natural biota and its replacement by the anthropogenic biota of different functional purposes. The material and energy basis of the technosphere as an artificial living space for a human being is the substance produced as a result of irreversible destruction of the lithosphere. Permanently increasing difficulty and deeper level of mining make mining geomechanics the top-priority area of research. The stress–strain analysis is a requisite component of studies aimed at selecting a geotechnology and determining its parameters. This analysis evaluates mining-induced stresses. The values of such stresses are determined mainly at critical points of boundaries of mining-caused voids with a view to ensuring stability of exposed surfaces and pillars. The feasibility of ecological evaluation of mining-induced changes in the stress–strain behavior of the disturbed lithosphere using the appropriate procedure being developed can make it possible to rank geotechnologies using the related criteria. This allows taking one more step towards an engineering framework for the concept of sustainable nature and society activity in the course of the mineral sector development. This study has been supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Project No. 19–17–00034).

China’s trade and economic relations with Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania in the 21st century

The study analyzes the current level of China's trade and economic relations with Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania. The research methods include comparative-historical and economic analysis with the use of trade intensity and trade complementarity indices. The author concluded that Algeria enjoys a leading position in terms of trade flows between the countries and investment from China. Morocco is in the second place in terms of trade turnover, while Mauritania has the smallest volume. The most diversified trade is between the PRC and Morocco, as there is not only the mineral sector (as in the case of the other two countries), but also the services and electronics sectors. Traditional areas of trade and economic cooperation in the field of mining have demonstrated a low level of trade complementarity for the China-Algeria, China-Mauritania pairs. The most promising industries, according to the results of the study, are China’s machinery, the service sector and agriculture. The intensity of trade flows was higher in the period 2010-2019 on the part of the PRC in the China-Algeria, China-Morocco pairs. The disparity in the intensity of trade progressed throughout the period for the China-Algeria pair, while the intensity remained the same for the China-Morocco pair. Mauritaniais the country with the highest trade intensity index with the PRC. Moreover, the intensity on the part of Mauritania was higher than on the part of the PRC throughout the entire period. The data obtained confirmed the importance of the region in China's foreign trade relations, a trend that may develop in the future.

Impact of mining industry growth on sustainable development indicators

Recently, the idea of sustainable development has become moreand more widespread, which is why many countries and companies have questions about how to assess the correctness and compliance of their actions with this trend. This topic is particularly relevant for countries with resource-based economies. This paper examines various approaches to this assessment using the mining industry as an example. It alsotests the hypothesis of whether the activities of the mineral sector can contribute to the development of the country in the unity of economic, social and environmental components by conducting a correlation analysis in this work. The study was conducted on the example of Mongolia as a country with a resource-based economy.

Extraction mechanization of soft soils

The state economic development is largely determined by the effectiveness of its individual structural elements. Among them, a special place is occupied by trends in the mineral sector, which dictates the requirements and mechanisms for the development of natural resources, creating the basis for a national strategy. However in this area there are a number of unsolved problems, which include: a low level of rational use of machine-technological mining systems from under the water with minimal man-made impact. The authors consider existing and alternative extraction methods of peat raw materials. The tasks facing the mineral re-source sector can be solved through technological priority developments of aggregated extraction complexes for the peat raw materials and the equipment modernization for mining complexes. The analysis is carried out and recommendations are made for the working equipment modernization of the aggregated mining complex. Variants of the excavator excavation bucket for the extraction of peat raw materials from under water have been proposed. The results of studies on primary dehydration, combining mining and dewatering cycles in a bucket, are presented; the work gives the recommendations on the bucket use and the expediency of operating the mining machine's extraction body when extracting peat raw materials.

The concept of digital twins for tech operator training simulator design for mining and processing industry

According to the top-priority trends and challenges in the mineral sector, and as per the mining science strategy, it is highly critical to arrange enhanced control, prediction and safety of production objects and their functioning for the preservation of automation sustainability. Improved control of databases, regulatory bonds, management, logistics and principles of sustainable development in mining makes it possible to reduce technological deviations and accidents at large mining and processing plants. Most procedural violations and accidents in surface and underground mines occur because of the unskilled actions of process flow operators. Damage in this case can be considerable, especially as compared with the expenses connected with qualitative training and persistent development of personnel engaged with supervisory control and data acquisition for the efficient operation of SCADA-systems within the automation framework of mining and processing plants. Definition of digital systems and their interrelation with multilevel automated control can be incorrect. The review of new principles can awaken interest in the conceptual assessment of digitalization processes using such notions as: numerical models, simulator, and artificial intelligence. Often applied formulations and principles of a digital model are substituted without justification of functional connections. On the other hand, a digital system today can be assumed as robotic lines and other numerical models and smart technologies, for instance, machining stations with numerical program control. It is necessary to define the practical significance of conceptual modifications and digital transformation regarding objects of the mineral sector, using Big Data; to understand how a digital twin can influence a changeable process situation; to provide prompt prediction; to eliminate an accident; and to preserve the physical balance in the whole production system. Such intelligent and flexible productions particularly need computerbased simulators and digital twins based on technologies of Industry 4.0–extended and virtual reality on the basis of digital twins. Digital twins allow maximal simulation of real-life activity of process flow operators. The skills acquired by personnel after such simulation training enable operators to master the optimized procedure for functioning in emergency situations in mineral mining and processing. This paper exemplifies the remote training and control of process flows, which is of concern in the current international situation.

Spare parts inventory management: a new hybrid approach

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a new hybrid approach based on criticality analysis and optimisation to deal with spare parts inventory management in the initial provisioning phase in the mining industry. Spare parts represent a significant part of mining companies' expenditures, so it is important to develop new approaches to reduce the total inventory value of these items.Design/methodology/approachThis hybrid approach combines qualitative and quantitative methods based on VED (vital, essential and desirable) analysis, analytical hierarchical process (AHP), and e-constraint optimisation method to obtain the spare parts to be stocked. The study was applied to a large mining company. The mineral sector was chosen due to the great importance to the emerging Brazilian economy and the lack of researches in this sector. In addition, the spare parts have a relevant weight on the total inventory cost.FindingsPresent a novel approach combining multi-objective optimisation and multi-criteria evaluation approaches to tackle the inventory decision in spare parts management. This work also defines and classifies relevant criteria for spare parts management in the mineral sector validated by specialists. The proposed approach achieves an average increase of 20.2% in the criticality and 16.6% in the number of items to be stocked compared to the historical data of the surveyed company.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper applies the proposed approach to a mining company in Brazil. Future research in other companies or regions should analyse the adequacy of the criticality criteria, hierarchy and weights adopted in this paper.Practical implicationsThe proposed approach is useful for mining industries that deal with a large variety of resource constraints as it helps in formulating appropriate spare part strategies to rationalise financial resources at both tactical and strategic levels.Originality/valueThe paper presents a new hybrid method combining the AHP a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach coupled with e-constraint optimisation to deal with spare parts inventory management allowing for a better spare parts inventory analysis in the initial provisioning phase and providing managers with a systematic tool to analyse the trade-off between spare parts criticality and total inventory value.