Automated Innovization for Simultaneous Discovery of Multiple Rules in Bi-objective Problems

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunith Bandaru ◽  
Kalyanmoy Deb
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Discovery

scholarly journals 50th anniversary of the discovery of reverse transcriptase

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
John M. Coffin
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Rous Sarcoma Virus ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Theoretical Base ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Rous Sarcoma ◽  
Sarcoma Virus ◽  
Simultaneous Discovery

The simultaneous discovery in 1970 of reverse transcriptase in virions of retroviruses by Howard Temin and David Baltimore was perhaps the most dramatic scientific moment of the second half of the 20th century. Ten years previously, Temin’s observation of cells transformed by Rous Sarcoma virus led him to the conclusion that retroviruses replicate through a DNA intermediate he called the provirus. This heretical hypothesis was greeted with derision by fellow scientists; Temin and Baltimore performed a simple experiment, rapidly reproduced, and convincing to all. Its result was a major paradigm shift—reversal of the central dogma of molecular biology. It immediately grabbed the attention of both the scientific and lay press. It also came at a key time for cancer research, at the start of the “War on Cancer.” As a theoretical base and fundamental molecular tool, it enabled a decade of (largely fruitless) search for human oncogenic retroviruses but laid the foundation for the discovery of HIV 13 years later, leading to the development of effective therapy. I had the good fortune, as a student in Temin’s lab, to witness these events. I am honored to be able to share my recollection on the occasion of their 50th anniversary.

scholarly journals A new way to build cell lineages

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuwei Zhang ◽  
Nir Yosef
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Simultaneous Discovery

A combination of single-cell techniques and computational analysis enables the simultaneous discovery of cell states, lineage relationships and the genes that control developmental decisions.

scholarly journals Simultaneous discovery of bifrontal meningiomas and a glioblastoma multiforme

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (apr17 1) ◽  
pp. bcr2013203296-bcr2013203296
Author(s):  
J. Woodley-Cook ◽  
A. Bharatha ◽  
J. Spears
Keyword(s):  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Simultaneous Discovery

Secrecy, simultaneous discovery, and the theory of nuclear reactors

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1049-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Weart
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Simultaneous Discovery

The Origins of the CES Production Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-652
Author(s):  
Jeff Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Collaborative Process ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Kenneth Arrow ◽  
Rapid Diffusion ◽  
Simultaneous Discovery

The CES production function was introduced to economics in the 1961 paper “Capital-Labor Substitution and Economic Efficiency,” by Kenneth Arrow, Hollis Chenery, Bagicha Minhas, and Robert Solow. The paper had an immediate and substantial impact on economic research, and the CES production function remains an important tool for both theoretical and empirical researchers. I review how the CES production function was derived and used in the paper, and, relying on archival sources, present a fine-grained account of the collaborative process that produced the paper. I also discuss the CES production function as an example of multiple simultaneous discovery and suggest reasons for its broad and rapid diffusion.

Erb and Westphal: Simultaneous Discovery of the Deep Tendon Reflexes

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elan D. Louis
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Discovery ◽  
Tendon Reflexes

A Simultaneous Discovery: The Case of Johannes Stark and Antonino Lo Surdo

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Leone ◽  
Alessandro Paoletti ◽  
Nadia Robotti
Keyword(s):  
Johannes Stark ◽  
Simultaneous Discovery

scholarly journals CRITICAL CARE & THE EARLY WEB: ETHICAL DIGITAL METHODS FOR ARCHIVED YOUTH DATA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Mackinnon
Keyword(s):  
Online Community ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Feminist Ethics ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Internet Archive ◽  
Digital Methods ◽  
The Right ◽  
Simultaneous Discovery

This paper demonstrates an ethico-methodological approach to researching archived web pages created by young people throughout 1994-2005 that was collected and stored by the Internet Archive. Rather than deploying a range of computational tools available for collecting web data in the Internet Archive, my approach to this material has been to start with the person: I recruited participants through social media who remembered creating websites or participating in web communities when they were younger and were interested in attempting to relocate their digital traces. In a series of qualitative, online semi-structured interviews, I guided participants through the Wayback Machine’s interface and directed them towards where their materials might be stored. I adapted this approach from the walkthrough method, where I position the participant as co-investigator and analyst of web archival material, enabling simultaneous discovery, memory, interpretation and investigation. Together, we walk through the abandoned sites and ruins of a once-vibrant online community as they reflect and remember the early web. This approach responds to significant ethical gaps in web archival research and engages with feminist ethics of care (Luka & Millette, 2018) inspired by conceptual framing of data materials in research on the "right to be forgotten” (Crossen-White, 2015; GDPR, 2018; Tsesis, 2014), digital afterlives (Sutherland, 2020), indigenous data sovereignty and governance (Wemigwans, 2018), and the Feminist Data Manifest-No (Cifor et al, 2019). This method re-centers the human and moves towards a digital justice approach (Gieseking, 2020; Cowan & Rault, 2020) for engaging with historical youth data.

Local heroes

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
Henrika Kuklick
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Professional Practices ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
The Real ◽  
Research Communities ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Information Materials ◽  
Simultaneous Discovery ◽  
The Ideal

Among historians and sociologists of science, it is a commonplace that scientists' accusations of plagiarism defy straightforward explanations. To appreciate that these accusations need not indicate simply that given individuals have claimed others' ideas as their own, it is important to remember that scientists' habits of communication create specialized research communities in which professional practices are – and are intended to be – relatively standardized. A defining property of science is, after all, that it requires practitioners to reach consensus about solutions to their common research problems, in pursuit of which disciplinary colleagues are expected to exchange regular reports of their theories, information, materials and techniques. Certainly, patterns of behaviour do not fully realize the scientific ideal; there is no end of evidence that scientists’ communications may be less than fully frank, that their judgements are affected by diverse personal considerations, and that their research is shaped by peculiarities of places and things. But to find disparities between the real and the ideal does not mean that the ideal does not inform occupational practices. And because scientists belong to exchange networks, their standardized practices are virtually guaranteed to lead to so-called ‘simultaneous discoveries’. Sometimes, when two or more scientists reach a given conclusion at the same (or nearly the same) time, their agreement occasions mutual congratulations, since it confirms the appropriateness of scientists' shared interpretations. (When in 1858, for example, prominent British scientists celebrated Charles Darwin's and Alfred Russel Wallace's independent formulations of the concept of natural selection, they rendered the concept less controversial than it might have been had it been advanced by one man alone.) At other times, however, a scientific event that might be regarded as a simultaneous discovery under some circumstances instead becomes an occasion for expression of discord among interested scientific parties, prompting a ‘priority dispute’ or (worse) an accusation of plagiarism.

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