Monitoring and Mapping Long-Distance Spread of Plant Pathogens

1988 ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nagarajan ◽  
Ajai
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Long Distance

scholarly journals Aspergillosis, Avian Species and the One Health Perspective: The Possible Importance of Birds in Azole Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2037
Author(s):  
Aryse Martins Melo ◽  
David A. Stevens ◽  
Lisa A. Tell ◽  
Cristina Veríssimo ◽  
Raquel Sabino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Azole Resistance ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The One

The One Health context considers health based on three pillars: humans, animals, and environment. This approach is a strong ally in the surveillance of infectious diseases and in the development of prevention strategies. Aspergillus spp. are fungi that fit substantially in this context, in view of their ubiquity, as well as their importance as plant pathogens, and potentially fatal pathogens for, particularly, humans and avian species. In addition, the emergence of azole resistance, mainly in Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto, and the proven role of fungicides widely used on crops, reinforces the need for a multidisciplinary approach to this problem. Avian species are involved in short and long distance travel between different types of landscapes, such as agricultural fields, natural environments and urban environments. Thus, birds can play an important role in the dispersion of Aspergillus, and of special concern, azole-resistant strains. In addition, some bird species are particularly susceptible to aspergillosis. Therefore, avian aspergillosis could be considered as an environmental health indicator. In this review, aspergillosis in humans and birds will be discussed, with focus on the presence of Aspergillus in the environment. We will relate these issues with the emergence of azole resistance on Aspergillus. These topics will be therefore considered and reviewed from the “One Health” perspective.

Overexpression of lipid transfer protein (LTP) genes enhances resistance to plant pathogens and LTP functions in long-distance systemic signaling in tobacco

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujon Sarowar ◽  
Young Jin Kim ◽  
Ki Deok Kim ◽  
Byung Kook Hwang ◽  
Sung Han Ok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Lipid Transfer Protein ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Transfer Protein ◽  
Systemic Signaling

scholarly journals Monitoring longdistance spore dispersal by wind a review

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L.H. Viljanen-Rollinson ◽  
E.L. Parr ◽  
M.V. Marroni
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Spore Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Realtime Pcr ◽  
Spore Trapping ◽  
Trapping Devices ◽  
Meaningful Data

Collection of meaningful data on long distance dispersal (LDD) of plant pathogens is very difficult because such events are very rare and the strength and locations of pathogen sources are often unknown This review of the different methods that have been deployed examines combinations of meteorological analyses and ground surveys including spore trapping devices collecting rainwater and identifying spores using realtime PCR The relevance of these techniques is discussed in the context of surveillance and monitoring transTasman dispersal of fungal spores

scholarly journals Understanding the Root Xylem Plasticity for Designing Resilient Crops

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salves Cornelis ◽  
Ora Hazak
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Conducting Tissue ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Distance Communication ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact

Xylem is a main road in plant long-distance communication. Through xylem plants transport water, minerals and myriad of signaling molecules. With the onset during early embryogenesis, the development of xylem tissues relays on hormone gradients, activity of unique transcription factors, distribution of mobile miRNAs and receptor-ligand pathways. These regulatory mechanisms are often interconnected and all together contribute to the plasticity of water conducting tissue. Remarkably, root xylem carries water to all above-ground organs and therefore influences all aspects of plant growth. Because of the global warming and increasing water deficit, we need to come up with solutions for the crops of the future. It is clear that structure of water conducting elements directly impacts water transport within the plant. Among plant pathogens- vascular wilts attacking xylem -are the most harmful. Our knowledge about xylem anatomy and rewiring ability could bring the solutions against these diseases. In this review we summarize the recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of xylem formation with a special attention to the cellular changes, and cell wall rearrangements that are necessary to create functional capillaries. We emphasize the impact of abiotic factors and pathogens on xylem plasticity and discuss multidisciplinary approach to model xylem in crops.

scholarly journals Pathways of entry and spread of rust pathogens implications for New Zealands biosecurity

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L.H. Viljanen-Rollinson ◽  
M.G. Cromey
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wind Currents ◽  
Rust Pathogens

The long distance dispersal of many plant pathogens has been well documented This phenomenon is also common in Australasia with wind currents and movement of people and possibly plant material facilitating introduction of several rust pathogens from Australia to New Zealand The history of the arrival survival and spread of three rust pathogens from Australia to New Zealand is outlined Initial outbreaks of poplar rust in 1973 wheat stripe rust in 1980 and blackberry rust in 1990 are all likely to have been initiated from spores originating in Australia After arrival urediniospores have to be viable and there must be sufficient susceptible hosts and favourable environmental conditions so that initial infection foci can establish and facilitate further spread This information is used to assess the risks posed to New Zealand by other rust pathogens that occur in Australia such as asparagus rust and to assess ways to minimise these risks

scholarly journals Understanding the Root Xylem Plasticity for Designing Resilient Crops

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salves Cornelis ◽  
Ora Hazak
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Conducting Tissue ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Distance Communication ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact

Xylem is a main road in plant long-distance communication. Through xylem plants transport water, minerals and myriad of signaling molecules. With the onset during early embryogenesis, the development of xylem tissues relays on hormone gradients, activity of unique transcription factors, distribution of mobile miRNAs and receptor-ligand pathways. These regulatory mechanisms are often interconnected and all together contribute to the plasticity of water conducting tissue. Remarkably, root xylem carries water to all above-ground organs and therefore influences all aspects of plant growth. Because of the global warming and increasing water deficit, we need to come up with solutions for the crops of the future. It is clear that structure of water conducting elements directly impacts water transport within the plant. Among plant pathogens- vascular wilts attacking xylem -are the most harmful. Our knowledge about xylem anatomy and rewiring ability could bring the solutions against these diseases. In this review we summarize the recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of xylem formation with a special attention to the cellular changes, and cell wall rearrangements that are necessary to create functional capillaries. We emphasize the impact of abiotic factors and pathogens on xylem plasticity and discuss multidisciplinary approach to model xylem in crops.

scholarly journals Topographic effects on dispersal patterns of Phytophthora cinnamomi at a stand scale in a Spanish heathland

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Cardillo ◽  
Angel Acedo ◽  
Enrique Abad
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Topographic Effects ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Disease Patterns ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Preferential Pathways ◽  
Disease Foci

AbstractPhytophthora cinnamomi is one of the most important plant pathogens in the world, causing root rot in more than a thousand plant species. This observational study was carried out on a P. cinnamomi infected heathland of Erica umbellata used as goat pasture. The patterns and shapes of disease foci and their distribution were described in a spatial and temporal context using an aerial photograph record. A set of topographic traits was selected on the basis of a disease dynamic hypothesis and their effects on observed spatial disease patterns were analyzed. Incipient infections situated in flat terrain expanded as compact circular front patterns with a low growth rate. On slopes, disease patches developed more rapidly down slope, forming parabolic shapes. The axis direction of the parabolas was highly correlated with terrain aspect, while the parabolic amplitude was associated with land curvature and slope. New secondary foci appeared over the years producing an accelerated increase of the affected surface. These new foci were observed in sites where disease density was higher or near sites more frequently visited by animals such as the stable or the forage crop. In contrast, a smaller number of disease foci occur in areas which animals are reluctant to visit, such as where they have a short range of vision. Our results suggest that 1) the growth of existing P. cinnamomi foci is controlled by a combination of root-to-root contact and water flows, 2) the increase in the diseased area arises mainly from the multiplication of patches, 3) the formation of new foci is mediated by long-distance transport due to the movement of animals and humans along certain preferential pathways, and 4) geomorphology and topography traits are associated with the epidemiology of this soil-borne pathogen.

scholarly journals The Role of Hybridization in the Evolution and Emergence of New Fungal Plant Pathogens

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva H. Stukenbrock
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Interspecific Mating ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Genome Data ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Allopatric Species

Hybridization in fungi has recently been recognized as a major force in the generation of new fungal plant pathogens. These include the grass pathogen Zymoseptoria pseudotritici and the powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis triticale of triticale. Hybridization also plays an important role in the transfer of genetic material between species. This process is termed introgressive hybridization and involves extensive backcrossing between hybrid and the parental species. Introgressive hybridization has contributed substantially to the successful spread of plant pathogens such as Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi, the causal agents of Dutch elm disease, and other tree pathogens such as the rust pathogen Melampsora. Hybridization occurs more readily between species that have previously not coexisted, so-called allopatric species. Reproductive barriers between allopatric species are likely to be more permissive allowing interspecific mating to occur. The bringing together of allopatric species of plant pathogens by global agricultural trade consequently increases the potential for hybridization between pathogen species. In light of global environmental changes, agricultural development, and the facilitated long-distance spread of fungal plant pathogens, hybridization should be considered an important mechanism whereby new pathogens may emerge. Recent studies have gained insight into the genetics and biology of fungal hybrids. Here I summarize current knowledge about hybrid speciation and introgressive hybridization. I propose that future studies will benefit greatly from the availability of large genome data sets and that genome data provide a powerful resource in combination with experimental approaches for analyses of hybrid species.

scholarly journals Vortex-induced dispersal of a plant pathogen by raindrop impact

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (11) ◽  
pp. 4917-4922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungho Kim ◽  
Hyunggon Park ◽  
Hope A. Gruszewski ◽  
David G. Schmale ◽  
Sunghwan Jung
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Airborne Spores ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Raindrop Impact

Raindrop impact on infected plants can disperse micron-sized propagules of plant pathogens (e.g., spores of fungi). Little is known about the mechanism of how plant pathogens are liberated and transported due to raindrop impact. We used high-speed photography to observe thousands of dry-dispersed spores of the rust fungus Puccinia triticina being liberated from infected wheat plants following the impact of a single raindrop. We revealed that an air vortex ring was formed during the raindrop impact and carried the dry-dispersed spores away from the surface of the host plant. The maximum height and travel distance of the airborne spores increased with the aid of the air vortex. This unique mechanism of vortex-induced dispersal dynamics was characterized to predict trajectories of spores. Finally, we found that the spores transported by the air vortex can reach beyond the laminar boundary layer of leaves, which would enable the long-distance transport of plant pathogens through the atmosphere.

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