scholarly journals Understanding the Root Xylem Plasticity for Designing Resilient Crops

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salves Cornelis ◽  
Ora Hazak
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Conducting Tissue ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Distance Communication ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact

Xylem is a main road in plant long-distance communication. Through xylem plants transport water, minerals and myriad of signaling molecules. With the onset during early embryogenesis, the development of xylem tissues relays on hormone gradients, activity of unique transcription factors, distribution of mobile miRNAs and receptor-ligand pathways. These regulatory mechanisms are often interconnected and all together contribute to the plasticity of water conducting tissue. Remarkably, root xylem carries water to all above-ground organs and therefore influences all aspects of plant growth. Because of the global warming and increasing water deficit, we need to come up with solutions for the crops of the future. It is clear that structure of water conducting elements directly impacts water transport within the plant. Among plant pathogens- vascular wilts attacking xylem -are the most harmful. Our knowledge about xylem anatomy and rewiring ability could bring the solutions against these diseases. In this review we summarize the recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of xylem formation with a special attention to the cellular changes, and cell wall rearrangements that are necessary to create functional capillaries. We emphasize the impact of abiotic factors and pathogens on xylem plasticity and discuss multidisciplinary approach to model xylem in crops.

scholarly journals Understanding the Root Xylem Plasticity for Designing Resilient Crops

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salves Cornelis ◽  
Ora Hazak
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Conducting Tissue ◽  
Xylem Formation ◽  
Distance Communication ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact

Xylem is a main road in plant long-distance communication. Through xylem plants transport water, minerals and myriad of signaling molecules. With the onset during early embryogenesis, the development of xylem tissues relays on hormone gradients, activity of unique transcription factors, distribution of mobile miRNAs and receptor-ligand pathways. These regulatory mechanisms are often interconnected and all together contribute to the plasticity of water conducting tissue. Remarkably, root xylem carries water to all above-ground organs and therefore influences all aspects of plant growth. Because of the global warming and increasing water deficit, we need to come up with solutions for the crops of the future. It is clear that structure of water conducting elements directly impacts water transport within the plant. Among plant pathogens- vascular wilts attacking xylem -are the most harmful. Our knowledge about xylem anatomy and rewiring ability could bring the solutions against these diseases. In this review we summarize the recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of xylem formation with a special attention to the cellular changes, and cell wall rearrangements that are necessary to create functional capillaries. We emphasize the impact of abiotic factors and pathogens on xylem plasticity and discuss multidisciplinary approach to model xylem in crops.

scholarly journals Global Pandemics Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemonium Disruption Educational Sector Blues and Global Issues Arising Therefrom

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Kwesi Atta Sakyi ◽  
Dr. Geoffrey Mweshi ◽  
David Musona
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we survey the topic of pandemics with specific reference to the Global Corona Virus pandemic which is dubbed COVID-19, and we trace the background of pandemics in the past. Our objective in this paper is to share our experiences as well as to examine the impact of the pandemic on businesses, especially the educational sector, and also on other sectors. In this paper, we take a multidisciplinary approach as well as a compendious approach of surveying a broad swathe of issues. At the same time, we use a narrative approach, providing commentaries and descriptive analysis, and a flashback of history in the literature review. We rely mainly on secondary data for the discussion and analysis as the nature of the topic is still fresh and delicate for us to conduct primary research. Besides, we believe that the problem at hand is on-going, all encompassing, and it may be premature at this stage for us to come to some definitive conclusions. The theoretical model which we use in the analysis is the macro-environmental model which is popularly and variously called the PEST, PESTLE, PESTEL, SLEPT, or STEEPLE model, popular in management studies and used by Social Scientists in their exegesis and discourses.

scholarly journals Microbiomes and Pathogen Survival in Crop Residues, an Ecotone Between Plant and Soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydie Kerdraon ◽  
Valérie Laval ◽  
Frédéric Suffert
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Negative Contribution ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
The Impact

The negative contribution of crop residues as a source of inoculum for plant diseases is well established. However, microbial ecologists have long reported positive effects of residues on the stability of agrosystems and conservation tillage practices have become increasingly widespread. Most studies have suggested that large microbial communities should be taken into account in plant disease management, but we know little about their ecological interaction with pathogens in the crop residue compartment. This review focuses on microbiomes associated with residues within the context of other microbial habitats in cereal-producing agroecosystems such as phyllosphere or rhizosphere. We connected residue microbiome with the survival of residue-borne fungal plant pathogens, thus combining knowledge in microbial ecology and epidemiology, two disciplines still not sufficiently connected. We provide an overview of the impact of residues on cereal disease epidemics and how dynamic interactions between microbial communities of nonburied residues during their degradation, along with soil and multitude of abiotic factors, can contribute to innovative disease management strategies, including next-generation microbiome-based biocontrol strategies. Starting from the classical but still relevant view of crop residues as a source of pathogen inoculum, we first consider possibilities for limiting the amount of residues on the soil surface to reduce the pathogen pressure. We then describe residues as a transient half-plant/half-soil compartment constituting a key fully fledged microbial ecosystem: in other words, an ecotone which deserves special attention. We focus on microbial communities, the changes in these communities over time and the factors influencing them. Finally, we discuss how the interactions between the microbial communities and the pathogens present on residues could be used: identification of keystone taxa and beneficial assemblages, then preservation of these taxa by adapted agronomic practices or development of synthetic communities, rather than the introduction of a single exogenous biocontrol species designed as a treatment product. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Investigation the Effect of Channel Spacing for Long Distance Communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-47
Author(s):  
Mamta Janagal ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur ◽  
Varinder Mandley ◽  
Tanvi Sood
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Division Multiplexing ◽  
Optical Gain ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Channel Spacing ◽  
Wavelength Division ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Signal Input ◽  
Distance Communication ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, the impact of different channel spacing on proposed system setup is investigated for long distance communication. This wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) and ultradense wavelength division multiplexing (UDWDM) is evaluated by considering the signal quality factor, bit error rate, optical gain, and received power for different signal input power and for distance. It is observed that at -5 dBm of signal input power the system covers 130 km with acceptable BER (10-8) and Q-factor (14dB).

scholarly journals The impact of invertebrate pests on pasture persistence and their interrelationship with biotic and abiotic factors

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
S.M. Zydenbos ◽  
B.I.P. Barratt ◽  
N.L. Bell ◽  
C.M. Ferguson ◽  
P.J. Gerard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

New Zealand pastures are host to a range of native and exotic invertebrates. Many of these are pests that feed on the sown plant species, often causing plant death and deterioration in the productivity and persistence of the sward. While most research has focused on pest biology and control, studies of plant productivity show dramatic acute (short-medium term) and chronic (longterm) effects. For example, grass grub has been reported to cause 50% losses to ryegrass swards and Argentine stem weevil can cause a 20% loss of productivity, but the long term effects through loss of the sown species and changes in composition can be even more severe. Insect damage can be exacerbated by other biotic (e.g. weed invasion, grazing animals, plant pathogens) or abiotic factors (e.g. climate, soil fertility) to further reduce plant persistence. Some biotic and abiotic factors may interact with insect pests to have positive effects on pasture persistence, e.g. biocontrol agents that reduce pest density or addition of fertiliser to enable plants to recover from insect damage. For many pasture pests, knowledge of their ecology is based on research from over 20 years ago that, while still valid, needs to be updated to account for modern intensive pasture management practices, such as intensive grazing with a lack of reseeding, and new cultivars. To improve pasture persistence, integrated research programmes are needed that examine the relative importance of all factors contributing to plant survival and develop strategies to mitigate their effects. Keywords: Argentine stem weevil, black beetle, clover root weevil, drought, grass grub, grazing pressure, manuka beetle, nematodes, pasture persistence, pasture quality, pasture yield, porina, soil fertility, striped chafer.

scholarly journals Vortex-induced dispersal of a plant pathogen by raindrop impact

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (11) ◽  
pp. 4917-4922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungho Kim ◽  
Hyunggon Park ◽  
Hope A. Gruszewski ◽  
David G. Schmale ◽  
Sunghwan Jung
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Airborne Spores ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Raindrop Impact

Raindrop impact on infected plants can disperse micron-sized propagules of plant pathogens (e.g., spores of fungi). Little is known about the mechanism of how plant pathogens are liberated and transported due to raindrop impact. We used high-speed photography to observe thousands of dry-dispersed spores of the rust fungus Puccinia triticina being liberated from infected wheat plants following the impact of a single raindrop. We revealed that an air vortex ring was formed during the raindrop impact and carried the dry-dispersed spores away from the surface of the host plant. The maximum height and travel distance of the airborne spores increased with the aid of the air vortex. This unique mechanism of vortex-induced dispersal dynamics was characterized to predict trajectories of spores. Finally, we found that the spores transported by the air vortex can reach beyond the laminar boundary layer of leaves, which would enable the long-distance transport of plant pathogens through the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Diversity in susceptibility reactions of winter wheat genotypes to obligate pathogens under fluctuating climatic conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radivoje Jevtić ◽  
Vesna Župunski ◽  
Mirjana Lalošević ◽  
Bojan Jocković ◽  
Branka Orbović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Forecast Models ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTo date, studies have usually focused on the impact of abiotic factors on the distribution of plant pathogens and have built forecast models for the prediction of pathogen outbreaks. However, the impact of the combined effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the prevalence of economically important pathogens has usually been neglected. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between powdery mildew and rusts of wheat and to examine how the combined effects of abiotic and biotic factors influence their prevalence. The study was conducted in the period 2016–2019 using the collection of 2158 genotypes of winter wheat. The most influential factors on disease indices and relationships among obligate pathogens were determined using multiple regression models and principal component analysis. The possibility of the coexistence of different rust species in the same growing season and in the same field was shown. The significant influence of fluctuations in winter temperatures on changes in the prevalence of obligate pathogens was determined. The strong impact of genotypes and their reaction on climatic elements in certain phenological stages were shown to be significant factors influencing the interactions among obligate pathogens and the predominance of one pathogen over another.

The methodological approach for the determination of the pressure of artificial raindrops as a question of the theory of splash soil erosion

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Mihail Zver'kov
Keyword(s):  
Block Diagram ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Rain Drops ◽  
Artificial Rain ◽  
The Impact

To the article the results of the theoretical and experimental researches are given on questions of estimates of the dynamic rate effect of raindrop impact on soil. The aim of this work was to analyze the current methods to determine the rate of artificial rain pressure on the soil for the assessment of splash erosion. There are the developed author’s method for calculation the pressure of artificial rain on the soil and the assessment of splash erosion. The study aims to the justification of evaluation methods and the obtaining of quantitative characteristics, prevention and elimination of accelerated (anthropogenic) erosion, the creation and the realization of the required erosion control measures. The paper considers the question of determining the pressure of artificial rain on the soil. At the moment of raindrops impact, there is the tension in the soil, which is called vertical effective pressure. It is noted that the impact of rain drops in the soil there are stresses called vertical effective pressure. The equation for calculation of vertical effective pressure is proposed in this study using the known spectrum of raindrops. Effective pressure was 1.4 Pa for the artificial rain by sprinkler machine «Fregat» and 5.9 Pa for long distance sprinkler DD-30. The article deals with a block diagram of the sequence for determining the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. This diagram was created by the author’s method of calculation of the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. The need for an integrated approach to the description of the artificial rain impact on the soil is noted. Various parameters characterizing drop erosion are considered. There are data about the mass of splashed soil in the irrigation of various irrigation machinery and installations. For example, the rate (mass) of splashed soil was 0.28…0.78 t/ha under irrigation sprinkler apparatus RACO 4260–55/701C in the conditions of the Ryazan region. The method allows examining the environmental impact of sprinkler techniques for analyzes of the pressure, caused by raindrops, on the soil. It can also be useful in determining the irrigation rate before the runoff for different types of sprinkler equipment and soil conditions.

Characterizing the impact of recovering sea otters on commercially important crabs in California estuaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
pp. 123-137
Author(s):  
TM Grimes ◽  
MT Tinker ◽  
BB Hughes ◽  
KE Boyer ◽  
L Needles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Sea Otter ◽  
Dungeness Crab ◽  
Sea Otters ◽  
Elkhorn Slough ◽  
Enhydra Lutris Nereis ◽  
Crab Abundance ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
The Impact

Protective legislation and management have led to an increase in California’s sea otter Enhydra lutris nereis population. While sea otter recovery has been linked to ecosystem benefits, sea otter predation may negatively affect commercially valuable species. Understanding the potential influence of sea otters is of particular importance as their range expands into estuaries that function as nurseries for commercially valuable species like Dungeness crab Metacarcinus magister. We consider how sea otter predation has affected the abundance and size of juvenile Dungeness crab in Elkhorn Slough, California, USA, and analyzed cancrid crab abundance and size across 4 California estuaries with and without sea otters to understand how biotic and abiotic factors contribute to observed variation in crab size and abundance. We compared trends in southern sea otters relative to Dungeness crab landings in California to assess whether increasing sea otter abundance have negatively impacted landings. In Elkhorn Slough, juvenile Dungeness crab abundance and size have declined since 2012, coinciding with sea otter population growth. However, the impact of sea otters on juvenile Dungeness crab size was habitat-specific and only significant in unvegetated habitat. Across estuaries, we found that cancrid crab abundance and size were negatively associated with sea otter presence. While abiotic factors varied among estuaries, these factors explained little of the observed variation in crab abundance or size. Although we found evidence that sea otters can have localized effects on cancrid crab populations within estuaries, we found no evidence that southern sea otters, at recent population sizes, have negatively impacted Dungeness crab landings in California from 2000-2014.

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