Correlation of Chemical Profiles of Xylem Fluid of Tomato to Resistance to Bacterial Wilt

1998 ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O. Chellemi ◽  
P. O. Andersen ◽  
B. Brodbeck ◽  
W. Dankers ◽  
F. M. Rhoads
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Xylem Fluid ◽  
Chemical Profiles

scholarly journals Ralstonia solanacearum Uses Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism for Virulence, ATP Production, and Detoxification in the Oxygen-Limited Host Xylem Environment

mBio ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth L. Dalsing ◽  
Alicia N. Truchon ◽  
Enid T. Gonzalez-Orta ◽  
Annett S. Milling ◽  
Caitilyn Allen
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Nitrate Respiration ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Xylem Fluid

ABSTRACTGenomic data predict that, in addition to oxygen, the bacterial plant pathogenRalstonia solanacearumcan use nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrous oxide (N2O) as terminal electron acceptors (TEAs). Genes encoding inorganic nitrogen reduction were highly expressed during tomato bacterial wilt disease, when the pathogen grows in xylem vessels. Direct measurements found that tomato xylem fluid was low in oxygen, especially in plants infected by R. solanacearum. Xylem fluid contained ~25 mM NO3−, corresponding to R. solanacearum's optimal NO3−concentration for anaerobic growthin vitro. We tested the hypothesis that R. solanacearum uses inorganic nitrogen species to respire and grow during pathogenesis by making deletion mutants that each lacked a step in nitrate respiration (ΔnarG), denitrification (ΔaniA, ΔnorB, and ΔnosZ), or NO detoxification (ΔhmpX). TheΔnarG,ΔaniA, andΔnorBmutants grew poorly on NO3−compared to the wild type, and they had reduced adenylate energy charge levels under anaerobiosis. While NarG-dependent NO3−respiration directly enhanced growth, AniA-dependent NO2−reduction did not. NO2−and NO inhibited growth in culture, and their removal depended on denitrification and NO detoxification. Thus, NO3−acts as a TEA, but the resulting NO2−and NO likely do not. None of the mutants grew as well as the wild typein planta, and strains lacking AniA (NO2−reductase) or HmpX (NO detoxification) had reduced virulence on tomato. Thus, R. solanacearum exploits host NO3−to respire, grow, and cause disease. Degradation of NO2−and NO is also important for successful infection and depends on denitrification and NO detoxification systems.IMPORTANCEThe plant-pathogenic bacteriumRalstonia solanacearumcauses bacterial wilt, one of the world's most destructive crop diseases. This pathogen's explosive growth in plant vascular xylem is poorly understood. We used biochemical and genetic approaches to show that R. solanacearum rapidly depletes oxygen in host xylem but can then respire using host nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor. The microbe uses its denitrification pathway to detoxify the reactive nitrogen species nitrite (a product of nitrate respiration) and nitric oxide (a plant defense signal). Detoxification may play synergistic roles in bacterial wilt virulence by converting the host's chemical weapon into an energy source. Mutant bacterial strains lacking elements of the denitrification pathway could not grow as well as the wild type in tomato plants, and some mutants were also reduced in virulence. Our results show how a pathogen's metabolic activity can alter the host environment in ways that increase pathogen success.

scholarly journals The In Planta Transcriptome of Ralstonia solanacearum: Conserved Physiological and Virulence Strategies during Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

mBio ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Jacobs ◽  
Lavanya Babujee ◽  
Fanhong Meng ◽  
Annett Milling ◽  
Caitilyn Allen
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
High Cell ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Bacterial Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Xylem Fluid ◽  
Bacterial Gene Expression ◽  
Weed Host ◽  
Cell Densities

ABSTRACTPlant xylem fluid is considered a nutrient-poor environment, but the bacterial wilt pathogenRalstonia solanacearumis well adapted to it, growing to 108to 109 CFU/g tomato stem. To better understand howR. solanacearumsucceeds in this habitat, we analyzed the transcriptomes of two phylogenetically distinctR. solanacearumstrains that both wilt tomato, strains UW551 (phylotype II) and GMI1000 (phylotype I). We profiled bacterial gene expression at ~6 × 108 CFU/ml in culture or in plant xylem during early tomato bacterial wilt pathogenesis. Despite phylogenetic differences, these two strains expressed their 3,477 common orthologous genes in generally similar patterns, with about 12% of their transcriptomes significantly alteredin plantaversus in rich medium. Several primary metabolic pathways were highly expressed during pathogenesis. These pathways included sucrose uptake and catabolism, and components of these pathways were encoded by genes in thescrABYcluster. A UW551scrAmutant was significantly reduced in virulence on resistant and susceptible tomato as well as on potato and the epidemiologically important weed hostSolanum dulcamara. FunctionalscrAcontributed to pathogen competitive fitness during colonization of tomato xylem, which contained ~300 µM sucrose.scrAexpression was induced by sucrose, but to a much greater degree by growthin planta. Unexpectedly, 45% of the genes directly regulated by HrpB, the transcriptional activator of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS), were upregulatedin plantaat high cell densities. This result modifies a regulatory model based on bacterial behavior in culture, where this key virulence factor is repressed at high cell densities. The active transcription of these genes in wilting plants suggests that T3SS has a biological role throughout the disease cycle.IMPORTANCERalstonia solanacearumis a widespread plant pathogen that causes bacterial wilt disease. It inflicts serious crop losses on tropical farmers, with major economic and human consequences. It is also a model for the many destructive microbes that colonize the water-conducting plant xylem tissue, which is low in nutrients and oxygen. We extracted bacteria from infected tomato plants and globally identified the biological functions thatR. solanacearumexpresses during plant pathogenesis. This revealed the unexpected presence of sucrose in tomato xylem fluid and the pathogen’s dependence on host sucrose for virulence on tomato, potato, and the common weed bittersweet nightshade. Further,R. solanacearumwas highly responsive to the plant environment, expressing several metabolic and virulence functions quite differently in the plant than in pure culture. These results reinforce the utility of studying pathogens in interaction with hosts and suggest that selecting for reduced sucrose levels could generate wilt-resistant crops.

Effects of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Strains on Chemical Profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon Wines: Based on the Combined Results of 1H NMR, HS-SPME/GC-MS and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-131
Author(s):  
Liang Heng-Yu ◽  
Su Ning ◽  
Guo Kun ◽  
Wang Yuan ◽  
Yang De-Yu
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Esi Ms ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Indigenous Yeasts

Five Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (Chinese indigenous yeasts SC5, WC5, SC8, CC17 and commercial starter F15) were inoculated into Cabernet sauvignon grape must and fermented at pilot scale. For the first time, combination of 1H NMR, HS-SPME/GC-MS and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS metabonomic profiling techniques was performed to analyze the global chemical fingerprints of sampled wines at the end of alcoholic and malolactic fermentation respectively, then 13 non-volatile flavor compounds, 52 volatile organic aromas and 43 polyphenolic molecules were identified and determined correspondently. All principal component analysis (PCA) of two fermentation stages based on the analytical results of 1H NMR, HS-SPME/GC-MS and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS divided these strains into three clusters: (1) SC5 and SC8, (2) WC5 and F15 and (3) CC17. The wine fermented by indigenous yeast, CC17, showed a very unique chemical profile, such as low pH and high color intensity, reduced amino acids (including proline) and the lowest total higher alcohols levels, most of the fixed acids, glycerol, ethyl esters and anthocyanins concentrations. The statistical results indicate that CC17 strain possesses very special anabolism and catabolism abilities on such substances in grape juice and has potentiality to produce characteristic wines with high qualities.

Segregation of Resistance to Bacterial Wilt in Crosses Involving Grimm Alfalfa 1

1947 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Reuel Jones ◽  
William K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt

scholarly journals Different Sequevars of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum Causing Bacterial Wilt of Bidens pilosa in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 2768-2773
Author(s):  
Yonglin He ◽  
Yixue Mo ◽  
Dehong Zheng ◽  
Qiqin Li ◽  
Wei Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Bidens Pilosa ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Ralstonia Pseudosolanacearum ◽  
Phylotype I

Bidens pilosa is an invasive weed that threatens the growth of crops and biodiversity in China. In 2017, suspected bacterial wilt of B. pilosa was discovered in Qinzhou and Beihai, Guangxi, China. A variety of weeds are considered as reservoirs harboring bacterial wilt pathogens, but most do not show obvious symptoms in the field. Identifying the classification status of the B. pilosa bacterial wilt pathogen and exploring its geographical origin might be helpful for clarifying the role of weeds in the circulation of the disease. Phylotyping, sequevar analysis, and cross inoculation of pathogens isolated from B. pilosa and nearby peanut (Arachis hypogaea), balsam gourd (Momordica charantia), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus robusta) plants were carried out. Three isolates of B. pilosa (Bp01, Bp02, and Bp03) were identified as Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, race 1, biovar 3, and phylotype I, and belonged to sequevars 17 and 44, and an unknown sequevar. The sequevars isolated from B. pilosa were not completely consistent with those of the nearby hosts, and the virulence of these isolates differed when cross inoculated. The Bp03 sequevar was different from peanut isolate sequevars in the same field and was not identical to any previously designated sequevars. The isolates from B. pilosa and other nearby hosts displayed low or no virulence toward their cross hosts (with wilt incidences less than 33.33%). An exception to this was the isolates from B. pilosa, which displayed high virulence toward eucalyptus (with a wilt incidence of 70.00 to 100.00%). This is the first report of different sequevars of R. pseudosolanacearum causing typical bacterial wilt symptoms in B. pilosa in the field.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activities of Pseudomonads against Plant Pathogenic Organisms and Efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC7700 against Bacterial Wilt of Tomato.

1997 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naruto FURUYA ◽  
Shuichi YAMASAKI ◽  
Masanori NISHIOKA ◽  
Ikuo SHIRAISHI ◽  
Kazuhiro IIYAMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Pathogenic Organisms

scholarly journals Chemical Variation among Castes, Female Life Stages and Populations of the Facultative Eusocial Sweat Bee Halictus rubicundus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Steitz ◽  
Robert J Paxton ◽  
Stefan Schulz ◽  
Manfred Ayasse
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Communication ◽  
North American ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Eusocial Insects ◽  
Queen Signal ◽  
Ovarian Activation ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Reproductive Division Of Labor ◽  
Reproductive Division ◽  
Eusocial Species

AbstractIn eusocial insects, chemical communication is crucial for mediating many aspects of social activities, especially the regulation of reproduction. Though queen signals are known to decrease ovarian activation of workers in highly eusocial species, little is known about their evolution. In contrast, some primitively eusocial species are thought to control worker reproduction through physical aggression by the queen rather than via pheromones, suggesting the evolutionary establishment of chemical signals with more derived sociality. However, studies supporting this hypothesis are largely missing. Socially polymorphic halictid bees, such as Halictus rubicundus, with social and solitary populations in both Europe and North America, offer excellent opportunities to illuminate the evolution of caste-specific signals. Here we compared the chemical profiles of social and solitary populations from both continents and tested whether (i) population or social level affect chemical dissimilarity and whether (ii) caste-specific patterns reflect a conserved queen signal. Our results demonstrate unique odor profiles of European and North American populations, mainly due to different isomers of n-alkenes and macrocyclic lactones; chemical differences may be indicative of phylogeographic drift in odor profiles. We also found common compounds overproduced in queens compared to workers in both populations, indicating a potential conserved queen signal. However, North American populations have a lower caste-specific chemical dissimilarity than European populations which raises the question if both use different mechanisms of regulating reproductive division of labor. Therefore, our study gives new insights into the evolution of eusocial behavior and the role of chemical communication in the inhibition of reproduction.

scholarly journals Optimized 5-Fluorouridine Prodrug for Co-Loading with Doxorubicin in Clinically Relevant Liposomes

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Debra Wu ◽  
Douglas Vogus ◽  
Vinu Krishnan ◽  
Marta Broto ◽  
Anusha Pusuluri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Agent ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Tolerability ◽  
Breast Cancer Model ◽  
In Vivo Testing ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Doxorubicin Liposomes

Liposome-based drug delivery systems have allowed for better drug tolerability and longer circulation times but are often optimized for a single agent due to the inherent difficulty of co-encapsulating two drugs with differing chemical profiles. Here, we design and test a prodrug based on a ribosylated nucleoside form of 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouridine (5FUR), with the final purpose of co-encapsulation with doxorubicin (DOX) in liposomes. To improve the loading of 5FUR, we developed two 5FUR prodrugs that involved the conjugation of either one or three moieties of tryptophan (W) known respectively as, 5FUR−W and 5FUR−W3. 5FUR−W demonstrated greater chemical stability than 5FUR−W3 and allowed for improved loading with fewer possible byproducts from tryptophan hydrolysis. Varied drug ratios of 5FUR−W: DOX were encapsulated for in vivo testing in the highly aggressive 4T1 murine breast cancer model. A liposomal molar ratio of 2.5 5FUR−W: DOX achieved a 62.6% reduction in tumor size compared to the untreated control group and a 33% reduction compared to clinical doxorubicin liposomes in a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate the viability of the co-encapsulated liposomes. We believe that the new prodrug 5FUR−W demonstrates a prodrug design with clinical translatability by reducing the number of byproducts produced by the hydrolysis of tryptophan, while also allowing for loading flexibility.

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