scholarly journals Coseismic Tsunami Simulation Assuming the Displacement of High-Angle Branching Active Faults Identified on the Continental Slope Around the Japan Trench

2016 ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Shota Muroi ◽  
Takashi Kumamoto
Keyword(s):  
Continental Slope ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Japan Trench ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Tsunami Simulation

Two Earthquake Sequences Nearly a Century Apart Reveal a Conjugate Seismogenic System in Central Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1469-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Che Hsieh ◽  
Yen-Yu Lin ◽  
Kuo-Fong Ma ◽  
Li Zhao ◽  
Yi-Wun Liao
Keyword(s):  
Active Faults ◽  
Fault System ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Mountain Building ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Orogenic Wedge ◽  
Central Taiwan ◽  
Earthquake Sequences ◽  
Conjugate Fault

Abstract Seismically active central Taiwan is considered part of an orogenic wedge with low-angle east-dipping active faults above a detachment surface and an active mountain-building process later. In 2013, two moderate reverse-faulting earthquakes of magnitudes ML 6.2 and 6.5 occurred in Nantou. They brought to mind the historically damaging sequence of four earthquakes in the same area that claimed a total of 71 lives in 1916. The 2013 earthquake sequence provides a good opportunity to study the 1916 sequence. We compared the historical Omori record of the main event in the 1916 sequence, discovered in the Seismogram Archives at the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, and the corresponding simulated Omori records of the 2013 events. Our comparison shows significant similarity among the earthquakes, although they are separated by nearly 100 yr. To understand the seismogenic structure associated with these earthquake sequences, we further studied the source rupture properties of earthquakes in this region since 1999 using local broadband records to determine the rupture fault planes. Results show that all events have similar focal mechanisms with one low-angle east-dipping and another high-angle west-dipping nodal planes. Rupture plane determination indicates that whereas events at shallow depths (<20  km) ruptured on the low-angle east-dipping plane, events at greater depths (>20  km) slipped on the high-angle west-dipping plane in a conjugate fault system. The comparison also suggests that the 1916 sequence occurred on the low-angle east-dipping plane of this conjugate fault system in the orogenic wedge as part of a mountain-building process. Given the active mountain-building process in central Taiwan, occurrences of this type of earthquake must be addressed in seismic hazard mitigation efforts.

Geohazard assessment of submarine salt-related thin-skinned faults: Levant Basin, offshore Israel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Laor ◽  
Zohar Gvirtzman
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Continental Slope ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
3D Mapping ◽  
3D Seismic ◽  
Offshore Area ◽  
Bathymetric Data ◽  
Geohazard Assessment ◽  
Better Than

<p>The Israeli continental slope is dissected by numerous thin-skinned normal faults, deforming the Pliocene-Quaternary section. This extensional faulting is caused by subsurface deformation of the Messinian salt underlying Pliocene rocks. It began in the early Gelasian, at 2.6 Ma, and it is still active today, as indicated by the ruptured seabed. High-resolution bathymetric data reveal shore-parallel seabed steps reaching heights of a few tens of meters. Considering that since the beginning of faulting the average sedimentation rate (100-400 m/My) exceeds the displacement rate (50-100 m/My), the presence of numerous unburied fault scarps indicates seismic ruptures rather than slow creep. For example, considering recent sedimentation rates as measured in seabed cores (5 cm/ka = 50 m/My), if an earthquake produces a 5-m-high fault scarp, it would take about 100 ky to bury it. These preliminary considerations highlight the importance of hazard assessment for seabed infrastructures.</p><p>The recent development of gas fields offshore Israel, as well as the increasing number of planned infrastructures on the seafloor requires a risk assessment, geohazard management, and particularly accurate mapping of faults. Unlike onshore geohazard management, there is no statutory fault map for offshore Israel. Moreover, 'active' and 'potentially active' faults in the offshore area are still not defined. The purpose of this study is to prepare a fault map and discuss criteria for defining the level of fault activity in the marine environment. To accomplish this goal, we use high-resolution bathymetric data and 3D seismic surveys, allowing 3D mapping of faults much better than usually possible onshore.</p><p>For bathymetry, we developed an algorithm, which automatically calculates the height of fault scars along predefined segments. Results indicate higher faults scarps in the north, consistent with extension measurement and steepness of the continental slope that also increases northward. A 3D mapping of fault planes shows that (1) many small faults at the seabed are actually segments of a major fault. This allows reducing the total number of faults to a few large ones. (2) A significant fault can be hidden below the surface with no bathymetric expression. (3) The structure of a seismic reflector dated to 350 ka emphasizes areas with greater recent activity much better than the best available bathymetric data. This allows a quick way to focus on hazardous areas. The next stage of the research will be to measure the area of fault planes and calculate potential earthquake magnitudes. Altogether, we point out the advantage of 3D seismic mapping for geohazard assessment.</p>

scholarly journals Surface rupture and characteristics of a fault associated with the 2011 and 2016 earthquakes in the southern Abukuma Mountains, northeastern Japan, triggered by the Tohoku-Oki earthquake

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keitaro Komura ◽  
Kotaro Aiyama ◽  
Takahiro Nagata ◽  
Hiroshi P. Sato ◽  
Akihiro Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Faults ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Japan Trench ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Northeastern Japan ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Geomorphic Features ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Elevation Model

Abstract The 2011 Tohoku-Oki offshore subduction earthquake (Mw 9.0) triggered many normal-type earthquakes inland in northeastern Japan. Among these were two very similar normal-faulting earthquakes in 2011 (Mw 5.8) and 2016 (Mw 5.9), which created surface ruptures along the newly named Mochiyama fault within the southern Abukuma Mountains, northeastern Japan, where no active faults had been previously mapped by interpretation of aerial photographs. We conducted field surveys in this area immediately after both earthquakes, and we performed trench excavations and observations of fault fracture zones after the 2016 event. These activities were complemented by an interferometric synthetic aperture radar analysis that mapped the areas of deformation and locations of surface discontinuities for both events. The combined results document the coseismic behavior of the Mochiyama fault during both events. Subtle tectonic geomorphic features associated with the fault were evident in a lidar digital elevation model of the area, and layered structures of gouge were documented in the field. These lines of evidence indicate repeated activity at shallow crustal levels and the possibility of Quaternary activity. In addition, our trench excavations revealed at least one faulting event before 2011. Our comparison of paleoseismic records on this and two other normal faults in the Abukuma Mountains suggests that great earthquakes in the Japan Trench supercycle of 500–700 years do not consistently trigger ruptures on these faults, and the case of 2011, in which the Tohoku-Oki megathrust earthquake triggered all three faults, is a rare occurrence.

Early Permian syndepositional tectonics in the Orobic Basin, Southern Alps, Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Zanchi ◽  
Sofia Locchi ◽  
Stefano Zanchetta
Keyword(s):  
Tectonic Setting ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Lower Permian ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Pure Extension ◽  
Definition Of

<p>The occurrence of synsedimentary tectonics during the beginning of the Permian has been largely documented all cross the present-day region of the central Southern Alps. Evidence of active faults has been generally established based on facies variations often associated to coarse-grained deposits, a characteristic feature of the Laghi Gemelli Group, which was deposited during the Early Permian. Nevertheless, poor attention has been devoted to the reconnaissance and description of the mesoscopic fault record developed during the deposition of the Lower Permian successions, except for a few works (Berra et al., 2011) describing local synsedimentary features such as liquefaction or slumping due to seismic shaking.</p><p>Working across the Orobic Alps, we identified several key areas where the occurrence of dewatering structures testify to the activity of synsedimenary faults together with sedimentary dikes, ball and pillars, and small slumps occurring along hundreds of mesoscopic faults showing meter-scale displacement along high-angle conjugate systems as well as domino-style faults, often accompanied by growth structures. These faults mainly affect the Pizzo del Diavolo Formation, which was deposited on top of the volcaniclastic succession of the Ca’ Bianca Volcanite.</p><p>According to our structural observations, these high-angle Andersonian normal faults are often associated with low-angle normal faults, which developed along the interface between the Permian cover and the Variscan basement (Bloom & Passchier, 1997; Zanchi et al., 2019). LANF systems are responsible for significant tectonic elision of the volcaniclastic lower successions and for diffuse hydrothermal circulation, resulting in widespread tourmaline deposition along the fault surfaces.</p><p>Our analyses point to the definition of tectonic setting characterized by pure extension dominated by ENE-WSW striking normal faults all across the central Southern Alps, which were later inverted during the Alpine shortening as high-angle reverse faults (Zanchetta et al., 2015). It is important to stress that in the considered area the strikes of the Early Permian structure are at odds with the Early Jurassic normal faults which generally show a N-S strike and were reactivated as strike-slip faults, pointing to an independent tectonic extensional event occurring 80 My after the Permian extension.</p><p> </p><p>Berra F. et al. (2011). Sedimentary Geology, 235, 249-263</p><p>Blom, J. C., & Passchier, C. W. (1997). Geologische Rundschau, 86, 627-636.</p><p>Zanchetta et al. (2015). Lithosphere, 7, 662-681.</p><p>Zanchi A. et al. (2019). Italian Journal of Geosciences, 138, 184-201.</p>

Measurement of the Displacement Across a Coincidence Grain Boundary

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 124-125
Author(s):  
J. W. Matthews ◽  
W. M. Stobbs
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Stacking Fault ◽  
The Other ◽  
Measuring Technique ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Twin Boundaries ◽  
Rigid Displacement ◽  
Cubic Crystals ◽  
Lattice Displacement

Many high-angle grain boundaries in cubic crystals are thought to be either coincidence boundaries (1) or coincidence boundaries to which grain boundary dislocations have been added (1,2). Calculations of the arrangement of atoms inside coincidence boundaries suggest that the coincidence lattice will usually not be continuous across a coincidence boundary (3). There will usually be a rigid displacement of the lattice on one side of the boundary relative to that on the other. This displacement gives rise to a stacking fault in the coincidence lattice.Recently, Pond (4) and Smith (5) have measured the lattice displacement at coincidence boundaries in aluminum. We have developed (6) an alternative to the measuring technique used by them, and have used it to find two of the three components of the displacement at {112} lateral twin boundaries in gold. This paper describes our method and presents a brief account of the results we have obtained.

A High Angle, Double Tilting Cold Stage for the AEI EM7

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
P.R. Swann ◽  
A.E. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Habit Plane ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Thermal Drift ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Better Than

Figure 1 shows the design of a specimen stage used for the in situ observation of phase transformations in the temperature range between ambient and −160°C. The design has the following features a high degree of specimen stability during tilting linear tilt actuation about two orthogonal axes for accurate control of tilt angle read-out high angle tilt range for stereo work and habit plane determination simple, robust construction temperature control of better than ±0.5°C minimum thermal drift and transmission of vibration from the cooling system.

Observations of dislocation interactions with recrystallized grain boundaries

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 628-629
Author(s):  
C. W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Dislocation Density ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Dislocation Structure ◽  
Hot Deformation ◽  
Static Recrystallization ◽  
High Dislocation Density ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Dislocation Interactions

Little evidence exists on the interaction of individual dislocations with recrystallized grain boundaries, primarily because of the severely overlapping contrast of the high dislocation density usually present during recrystallization. Interesting evidence of such interaction, Fig. 1, was discovered during examination of some old work on the hot deformation of Al-4.64 Cu. The specimen was deformed in a programmable thermomechanical instrument at 527 C and a strain rate of 25 cm/cm/s to a strain of 0.7. Static recrystallization occurred during a post anneal of 23 s also at 527 C. The figure shows evidence of dissociation of a subboundary at an intersection with a recrystallized high-angle grain boundary. At least one set of dislocations appears to be out of contrast in Fig. 1, and a grainboundary precipitate also is visible. Unfortunately, only subgrain sizes were of interest at the time the micrograph was recorded, and no attempt was made to analyze the dislocation structure.

Determination of the lattice translation across {110} APBs in GaAs

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
D.R. Rasmussen ◽  
N.-H. Cho ◽  
C.B. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Antiphase Boundary ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Interface Plane ◽  
Inversion Symmetry ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Equilibrium Distance

Domains in GaAs can exist which are related to one another by the inversion symmetry, i.e., the sites of gallium and arsenic in one domain are interchanged in the other domain. The boundary between these two different domains is known as an antiphase boundary [1], In the terminology used to describe grain boundaries, the grains on either side of this boundary can be regarded as being Σ=1-related. For the {110} interface plane, in particular, there are equal numbers of GaGa and As-As anti-site bonds across the interface. The equilibrium distance between two atoms of the same kind crossing the boundary is expected to be different from the length of normal GaAs bonds in the bulk. Therefore, the relative position of each grain on either side of an APB may be translated such that the boundary can have a lower energy situation. This translation does not affect the perfect Σ=1 coincidence site relationship. Such a lattice translation is expected for all high-angle grain boundaries as a way of relaxation of the boundary structure.

High-angle electron scattering from amorphous silicon

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
M. Libera ◽  
J.A. Ott ◽  
K. Siangchaew ◽  
L. Tsung
Keyword(s):  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Constant Thickness ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Fast Electrons ◽  
Angle Scattering ◽  
Stem Image ◽  
Amorphous Si ◽  
Thermal Vibrations

Channeling occurs when fast electrons follow atomic strings in a crystal where there is a minimum in the potential energy (1). Channeling has a strong effect on high-angle scattering. Deviations in atomic position along a channel due to structural defects or thermal vibrations increase the probability of scattering (2-5). Since there are no extended channels in an amorphous material the question arises: for a given material with constant thickness, will the high-angle scattering be higher from a crystal or a glass?Figure la shows a HAADF STEM image collected using a Philips CM20 FEG TEM/STEM with inner and outer collection angles of 35mrad and lOOmrad. The specimen (6) was a cross section of singlecrystal Si containing: amorphous Si (region A), defective Si containing many stacking faults (B), two coherent Ge layers (CI; C2), and a contamination layer (D). CBED patterns (fig. lb), PEELS spectra, and HAADF signals (fig. lc) were collected at 106K and 300K along the indicated line.

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