Surface rupture and characteristics of a fault associated with the 2011 and 2016 earthquakes in the southern Abukuma Mountains, northeastern Japan, triggered by the Tohoku-Oki earthquake

Abstract The 2011 Tohoku-Oki offshore subduction earthquake (Mw 9.0) triggered many normal-type earthquakes inland in northeastern Japan. Among these were two very similar normal-faulting earthquakes in 2011 (Mw 5.8) and 2016 (Mw 5.9), which created surface ruptures along the newly named Mochiyama fault within the southern Abukuma Mountains, northeastern Japan, where no active faults had been previously mapped by interpretation of aerial photographs. We conducted field surveys in this area immediately after both earthquakes, and we performed trench excavations and observations of fault fracture zones after the 2016 event. These activities were complemented by an interferometric synthetic aperture radar analysis that mapped the areas of deformation and locations of surface discontinuities for both events. The combined results document the coseismic behavior of the Mochiyama fault during both events. Subtle tectonic geomorphic features associated with the fault were evident in a lidar digital elevation model of the area, and layered structures of gouge were documented in the field. These lines of evidence indicate repeated activity at shallow crustal levels and the possibility of Quaternary activity. In addition, our trench excavations revealed at least one faulting event before 2011. Our comparison of paleoseismic records on this and two other normal faults in the Abukuma Mountains suggests that great earthquakes in the Japan Trench supercycle of 500–700 years do not consistently trigger ruptures on these faults, and the case of 2011, in which the Tohoku-Oki megathrust earthquake triggered all three faults, is a rare occurrence.

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Identifikasi Sesar Aktif di Pulau Bali dengan Menggunakan Data Pemetaan Geologi Permukaan dan Morfologi Tektonik

Majalah Geografi Indonesia ◽

10.22146/mgi.61928 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Hurien Helmi ◽

Gayatri Indah Marliyani ◽

Siti Nur’aini

Keyword(s):

Hazard Analysis ◽

Active Faults ◽

Fault System ◽

Normal Faults ◽

Earthquake Hazards ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Shallow Earthquakes ◽

Lineament Analysis ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Back Arc

Pulau Bali dan sekitarnya berada dekat dengan zona subduksi sehingga rawan terhadap bencana gempa bumi. Struktur utama yang menyebabkan gempa bumi di Bali umumnya berada di zona subduksi di bagian selatan dan di zona sesar naik belakang busur di utara yang dikenal dengan sesar naik Flores. Selain potensi gempa dari kedua zona sesar ini, gempa yang berasal dari zona sesar di darat juga bisa menimbulkan bahaya yang signifikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemetaan sesar aktif di darat dengan menggunakan kombinasi antara metode penginderaan jauh dengan survey lapangan. Data yang digunakan sebagai peta dasar adalah data digital elevation (DEM) model DEMNAS beresolusi 8 m serta data DEM beresolusi 0.5 m yang dihasilkan melalui proses fotogrametri dari foto udara. Analisis kelurusan menunjukkan adanya pola berarah baratlaut-tenggara dan timulaut-baratdaya. Validasi di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa kelurusan ini berasosiasi dengan keberadaan sesar-sesar geser, sesar oblique dan sesar turun. Sesar-sesar ini memotong batuan berumur Kuarter hingga endapan masa kini. Selain itu, data sebaran seismisitas menunjukkan adanya zona kegempaan dangkal yang berada pada area di sekitar kelurusan yang dipetakan. Kedua indikator ini menunjukkan bahwa sesar-sesar yang teridentifikasi dalam penelitian ini bisa dikategorikan sebagai sesar aktif. Hasil dari penelitian ini memberikan pemahaman baru mengenai geometri sesar aktif yang ada di Pulau Bali dan potensi kegempaan di masa yang akan datang yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap upaya mitigasi bencana gempa bumi di Pulau Bali. Bali and its surrounding region are located within proximity of the Sunda-Banda subduction zone making it prone to earthquake hazards. The structures that caused earthquakes in Bali are mainly from the front subduction faults and from the back-arc thrust fault known as the Flores Fault. In addition, earthquakes are frequently occur in the inland fault system. This study aims to map the inland active faults in Bali using a combination of remotely-based and field-mapping methods. We use the 8-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of DEMNAS and the 0.5 m resolution DEM from photogrammetry processing of aerial photo as our base maps. Our lineament analysis identifies northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest lineaments. Our field observation confirms these lineaments to be associated with strike-slip, oblique and normal faults. These faults dissect Quarternary to recent rock units. In addition, seismicity data indicate the occurrence of shallow earthquakes in the vicinity of these structures. All of these indicate that these structures are active. Results from this study provide a new understanding of the inland active fault geometry in Bali, useful in the seismic hazard analysis and may contribute to the earthquake mitigation efforts in Bali.

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Visible and near-infrared digital images for determination of ice velocities and surface elevation during a surge on Osbornebreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/s026030550001226x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 255-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Cecilie Rolstad ◽

Jostein Amlien ◽

Jon-Ove Hagen ◽

Bengt Lundén

Keyword(s):

Velocity Field ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Aerial Photographs ◽

Correlation Technique ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Compressive Flow ◽

Tidewater Glacier ◽

Extension Zone ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Cross Correlation Technique

A field of vectors showing the average velocity of the surging glacier Osbornebreen, Svalbard, was determined by comparing sequential SPOT (Système pour l’Observation de la Terre) and Landsat thematic mapper images. Crevasses which developed during the initial phase of the surge in the winter of 1986–87 were tracked using a fast Fourier chip cross-correlation technique. A digital elevation model (DEM) was developed using digital photogrammetry on aerial photographs from 1990. This new DEM was compared with a map drawn in 1966. The velocity field could be almost entirely determined with 1 month separation of the images, but only partly determined with images 1 year apart, due to changes of the crevasse pattern. The velocity field is similar to that found for Kronebreen, a continuously fast-moving tidewater glacier. No distinct zones of compressive flow were present and the data gave no evidence of a compression zone/surge front traveling downstream. The velocity field, the rapid advance of the terminus and the development of transverse crevasses in the upper accumulation area within a 6 month period may indicate that the surge developed as a zone of extension starting near the terminus and propagating quickly upstream. The crevasse pattern in the images is therefore interpreted to be the result of the extension zone traveling upstream, and, as the whole glacier starts to slide, the crevasse pattern alters according to the bedrock topography.

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Topographic Anaglyphs from Detailed Digital Elevation Models Covering Inland and Seafloor for the Tectonic Geomorphology Studies in and around Yoron Island, Ryukyu Arc, Japan

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences8100363 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 363 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hideaki Goto ◽

Kohsaku Arai ◽

Taichi Sato

Keyword(s):

Late Quaternary ◽

Active Faults ◽

Aerial Photographs ◽

Stress Axis ◽

Tectonic Geomorphology ◽

Surface Model ◽

The North ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Ryukyu Arc ◽

Island Shelf

Anaglyphs produced using a digital elevation model (DEM) are effective to identify the characteristic tectono–geomorphic features. The objective of this study is to reinvestigate the tectonic geomorphology and to present novel tectonic maps of the late Quaternary in and around the Yoron island based on the interpretation of extensive topographical anaglyphs along the map areas that cover the inland and seafloor. Vintage aerial photographs are used to produce the 3-m mesh inland digital surface model (DSM); further, the 0.6-s to 2-s-mesh seafloor DEM is processed using the cloud point data generated through previous surveys. Thus, we identify anticlinal deformation on both the Pleistocene marine terrace and the seafloor to the north of the island. The deformation axis extends in a line and is parallel to the general trend of the island shelf. The Tsujimiya fault cuts the marine terraces, which extend to the Yoron basin’s seafloor. If we assume that the horizontal compressive stress axis is perpendicular to the island shelf, these properties can easily explain the distribution and style of the active faults and deformation. This study presents an effective methodology to understand the island arc tectonics, especially in case of small isolated islands.

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Treatise on the tectonic geomorphology of active faults: The significance of using a universal digital elevation model

Journal of Structural Geology ◽

10.1016/j.jsg.2018.06.007 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 116 ◽

pp. 241-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Ioannis K. Koukouvelas ◽

Vasiliki Zygouri ◽

Konstantinos Nikolakopoulos ◽

Sotirios Verroios

Keyword(s):

Digital Elevation Model ◽

Active Faults ◽

Tectonic Geomorphology ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Elevation Model

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MORPHOTECTONICS OF THE PSATHOPYRGOS ACTIVE FAULT, WESTERN CORINTH RIFT, CENTRAL GREECE

Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece ◽

10.12681/bgsg.16657 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 500 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ch. Tsimi ◽

A. Ganas ◽

N. Soulakellis ◽

O. Kairis ◽

S. Valmis

Keyword(s):

Drainage Basin ◽

Normal Fault ◽

Normal Faults ◽

Rift System ◽

Gulf Of Corinth ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Hypsometric Integral ◽

Landsat 7 ◽

Morphotectonic Indices ◽

Elevation Model

The study area is located on the western part of the Gulf of Corinth which is considered as a paradigm of an active rift system in Greece. This rift was formed by normal slip on big faults which extend the crust of the Earth in the N-S direction. The morphotectonic indices (hypsometric curve, hypsometric integral, drainage basin asymmetry, ratio of valley floor width to valley height) have been estimated using the 20-m digital elevation model of this area and the ARC software. The normal faults of the study area have been extracted by use of a DEM mosaic of 20-m pixel size, satellite images from Landsat 7 ETM+ and SRTM 90m. Our results highlight the recent activity of the Psathopyrgos normal fault on the basis of a series of morphotectonic evidence and suggest the existence of a single fault segment for a distance of 16 km.

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Simulation of Three-Dimensional of coastal erosion using differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.001055 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 80-86

Keyword(s):

Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Shoreline Change ◽

Synthetic Aperture ◽

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽

Envisat Asar ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Dimensional Object ◽

Aperture Radar

<p>This study aims at modelling three-dimensional shoreline change rates using differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) techinuqe. Neverthless, decorrelation plays significant role to control the accuracy of three dimensional object reconstruction using DInSAR. To solve this problem, multichannel MAP height estimator algorithm is implemented with in ENVISAT ASAR data. Therefore, the proposed method has been applied to coastaline of Johor, Malaysia. The study shows the critical erosion of -3.5 m y-1 with accuracy (RMSE) of ±0.05 m. In addition, the volume rate of shoreline changes of -2343.42 m3 y-1 corresponds to the lowest digital elevation model (DEM) of 7.4 m. It can be said that accurate rate of shoreline change can be achieved with root mean square error (RMSE) of ±0.05 m using multichannel MAP height estimator algorithm.</p>

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Visible and near-infrared digital images for determination of ice velocities and surface elevation during a surge on Osbornebreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s026030550001226x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 255-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Cecilie Rolstad ◽

Jostein Amlien ◽

Jon-Ove Hagen ◽

Bengt Lundén

Keyword(s):

Velocity Field ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Aerial Photographs ◽

Correlation Technique ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Compressive Flow ◽

Tidewater Glacier ◽

Extension Zone ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Cross Correlation Technique

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High-Resolution Elevation Model of Lop Nur Playa Derived from TanDEM-X

Journal of Sensors ◽

10.1155/2019/6839703 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Yuyang Geng ◽

Yun Shao ◽

Tingting Zhang ◽

Huaze Gong ◽

Lan Yang

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Least Square ◽

Synthetic Aperture ◽

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽

Relative Height ◽

Laser Altimeter ◽

Ice Cloud ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Lop Nur ◽

Elevation Model

In this paper, a digital elevation model (DEM) was produced for Lop Nur playa produced with the data from TanDEM-X mission. The spatial resolution is 10 m. It covers an area of 38,000 km2 for orthometric height from 785 m to 900 m above sea level, which is composed of 42 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) scenes. A least-square adjustment approach was used to reduce the systematic errors in each DEM scene. The DEM produced was validated with data from other sensors including Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) and aerial Structure-from-Motion (SfM) DEM. The results show that global elevation root mean square error to GLAS is 0.57 m, and the relative height error to SfM DEM in complicated terrain is 3 m. The excellent height reliability of TanDEM InSAR DEM in Lop region was proved in this paper. A reliable high-resolution basic topographic dataset for researches of Lop Nur was provided.

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