Effects of Constant Load on Autograft Healing Compared with Those of Cyclic Load

1994 ◽  
pp. 347-352
Author(s):  
Takeshi Muneta ◽  
Shunich Murakami ◽  
Youichi Ezura ◽  
Shintaro Asahina ◽  
Kazuo Takakuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Load ◽  
Constant Load

A Direct Method on the Evaluation of Ratchet Limit

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haofeng Chen ◽  
Alan R. S. Ponter
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Load ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Numerical Technique ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Inelastic Analysis ◽  
Additional Constant

This paper describes a new linear matching method (LMM) technique for the direct evaluation of the ratchet limit of a structure subjected to a general cyclic load condition, which can be decomposed into cyclic and constant components. The cyclic load history considered in this paper contains multiload extremes to include most complicated practical applications. The numerical procedure uses the LMM state-of-the-art numerical technique to obtain a stable cyclic state of component, followed by a LMM shakedown analysis, to calculate the maximum constant load, i.e., the ratchet limit, which indicates the load carrying capacity of the structure subjected to a cyclic load condition to withstand an additional constant load. This approach is particularly useful in conjunction with the evaluation of the stable cyclic response, which produces the cyclic stresses, residual stresses, and plastic strain ranges for the low cycle fatigue assessment. A benchmark example of a holed plate under the combined action of cyclic thermal load and constant mechanical load is presented to verify the applicability of the new ratchet limit method through a comparison with published results by a simplified method assuming a cyclic load with two extremes. To demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the method for a complicated cyclic load condition with multiload extremes, a composite thick cylinder with a radial opening subjected to cyclic thermal loads and a constant internal pressure is analyzed using the proposed ratchet limit method. Further verification by the ABAQUS step-by-step inelastic analysis demonstrates that the proposed new method provides a general-purpose technique for the evaluation of the ratchet limit and has both the advantages of programming methods and the capacity to be implemented easily within a commercial finite element code Abaqus.

Duration of load and probability of failure in wood. Part II. Constant, ramp, and cyclic loadings

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Barrett ◽  
R. O. Foschi
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Load ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Probability Of Failure ◽  
Strength Distribution ◽  
Generalized Model ◽  
Cycle Amplitude ◽  
Short Term Strength ◽  
Wood Part ◽  
Duration Of Load ◽  
Snow Loading

A generalized model for damage accumulation is used to study the probability of failure of a wood member in bending for different load histories. The variability in time-to-fracture corresponding to a given load history is accounted for in the generalized model. Four types of loads are considered: (1) a constant load, (2) a ramp load, (3) a cyclic load of constant cycle amplitude, and (4) a cyclic load of random cycle amplitude. In each case, the probability of failure is studied as a function of the factor [Formula: see text] which, in the design equation, is applied to the 5th percentile of the short-term strength distribution to obtain the design stress. Snow loading is considered as an example of cyclic load with random cycle amplitude.

scholarly journals Ratchet Analysis of Structures Under a Generalised Cyclic Load History

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lytwyn ◽  
Haofeng Chen ◽  
Michael Martin
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Load ◽  
Mechanical Load ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Limit Load ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Load History ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Additional Constant ◽  
Thermal Ratcheting ◽  
Linear Matching Method

This paper introduces a new approach based upon the Linear Matching Method in order to obtain the ratchet limit of structures subjected to an arbitrary thermo-mechanical load history. This method varies from the traditional Linear Matching Method ratchet analysis, where the cyclic load history is decomposed into cyclic and constant components, instead calculating the ratchet limit with respect to a proportional cyclic load variation, as opposed to an additional constant load. The shakedown and limit load boundaries are initially obtained for the given structure, followed by the utilisation of a bisection procedure in order to calculate an approximate ratchet boundary based upon a predefined magnitude of ratchet strain per cycle. The method also yields the total and plastic strain ranges based upon perfect plasticity, for low-cycle fatigue post-processing considerations. The effects of analysing the ratcheting mechanism of structures undergoing a cyclic primary load that varies proportionally with a cyclic secondary load can be seen to lead to modified and less conservative ratchet boundaries compared to the traditional Bree solution in which the thermal ratcheting requirement (NB-3222.5) of ASME III is based upon. This paper introduces the theory, numerical implementation and verification of the proposed method via a series of example problems.

Study on temperature rise distribution of contact surface under cyclic load

2020 ◽  
Vol 235 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-148
Author(s):  
Ling Li ◽  
Haifei Tian ◽  
Qiangqiang Yun ◽  
Wei Chu
Keyword(s):  
Contact Surface ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Cyclic Load ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Contact Center ◽  
Tangential Load ◽  
Cycle Number ◽  
Load Amplitude ◽  
Depth Direction

A large amount of heat is generated during the friction of joint surfaces, which has a significant influence on the contact characteristics of surfaces, causing deformation or failure of key components. A two-dimensional friction-thermal structure coupling contact model of cylinder/plane was established in ABAQUS. The effects of roughness under different fractal parameters, tangential load amplitude and cycle number on the temperature rise distribution of a contact surface under normal cyclic loading were studied. The results show that with the increase of roughness and tangential load amplitude, the area of thermal effect becomes more obvious and the temperature rise of the contact surface increases. It is also found that the heat affected zone is mainly distributed near the surface of the contact area with a high-temperature field generated, while the temperature rise amplitude decreases gradually along the depth direction. In addition, the contact surface nodes have a similar temperature rise distribution process and the farther away from the contact center ( x = 0.3 mm), the smaller the temperature rise, which is consistent with the simulation results of the published literature. For the same tangential load amplitude, the surface temperature rise amplitude under the normal cyclic load is lower than that of the normal constant load. The temperature rise of the surface increases with the increase of the number of fretting cycles.

A Hybrid Procedure for Ratchet Boundary Prediction

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Martin ◽  
David Rice
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Cyclic Load ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Limit Load ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Hybrid Procedure ◽  
Cyclic Response ◽  
Shakedown Theory ◽  
Load Component ◽  
Yield Capacity

Methods exist in today’s published literature which establish proximity to the ratchet boundary of a given load set by decomposing a cyclic load history into constant and cyclic components. Such methods operate by calculating the utilisation of yield capacity throughout the structure in response to the cyclic load. The remaining yield capacity is then available to support the constant load. In this paper, a hybrid procedure is described which uses established finite element techniques to obtain a stable response to the cyclic load component, followed by a limit load analysis based on the remaining yield capacity, to calculate the maximum primary load. This approach is particularly useful in conjunction with Fourier based cyclic procedures which, although capable of predicting the existence of a stable cyclic response, are not based on classical shakedown theory and are therefore unable to predict proximity to ratchet, unless a search procedure is used. The hybrid approach provides the combined benefit of an efficient cyclic response calculation scheme with a measure of proximity to the ratchet boundary. In this paper, the hybrid method is applied to the Bree case before application to a more complex thermo-mechanical transient, typical of nuclear power plant loading. The generation of interaction diagrams for both cases is considered.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Seismic Behavior of Masonry Walls Strengthened by Reinforced Mortar Cross Strips

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 4866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong ◽  
Sui ◽  
Jiang ◽  
Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Cyclic Load ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Shear Failure ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Shear Capacity ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
Key Factor

Due to the poor seismic performance, strengthening of masonry structures is always a significant problem worthy to study. It has been proven that the bearing capacity of existing masonry buildings can be enhanced greatly with efficient strengthening measures. An experimental program was conducted to investigate seismic performance of un-reinforced masonry (URM) walls strengthened b,y reinforced mortar (RM) cross strips. Eleven walls were tested under horizontal low-cyclic load, simultaneously with a vertical constant load on the top face. Three URM walls were tested as reference. The other eight walls were externally strengthened with 40 and 60 mm thick of RM cross strips on one or both faces. Test results showed that externally strengthening with RM cross strips was an efficient way to enhance the seismic performance of URM walls. The failure modes were divided into shear failure and shear-compression failure. All the tested walls did not collapse until the test ended, while many diagonal cracks and few vertical cracks appeared on mortar strips. After strengthening, the shear capacity of the strengthened walls increased by at least 38.2%, and the reinforcement ratio was noted to be the key factor to influence the shear capacity with positive correlation. Besides, RM cross strips did improve deformation capacity greatly.

Fatigue of Unidirectional Cord-Rubber Composites

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Liu ◽  
Z. Wan ◽  
Z. Tian ◽  
X. Du ◽  
J. Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Damage Accumulation ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Cycle Frequency ◽  
Periodic Loading ◽  
Fatigue Damage Accumulation ◽  
Rubber Composite

Abstract A fatigue testing system is established with which the real-time recording of stress, strain, temperature, and hysteresis loss of rubbers or cord-rubber composite specimens subjected to periodic loading or extension can be successfully carried out. Several problems are connected with the experimental study of the fatigue of rubber composites. In constant extension cycling, the specimen becomes relaxed because of the viscoelasticity of rubber composites, and the imposed tension-tension deformation becomes complex. In this method, the specimen is unlikely to fail unless the imposed extensions are very large. Constant load cycling can avoid the shortcomings of constant extension cycling. The specially designed clamps ensure that the specimen does not slip when the load retains a constant value. The Deformation and fatigue damage accumulation processes of rubber composites under periodic loading are also examined. Obviously, the effect of cycle frequency on the fatigue life of rubber composites can not be ignored because of the viscoelasticity of constituent materials. The increase of specimen surface temperature is relatively small in the case of 1 Hz, but the temperature can easily reach 100°C at the 8 Hz frequency. A method for evaluating the fatigue behavior of tires is proposed.

Exercise slightly above the maximal lactate steady state reduces self-efficacy and increases negative affect

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Graeme Wrightson ◽  
Louis Passfield
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Maximal Lactate Steady State

Objectives: To examine the effect of exercise at and slightly above the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) on self-efficacy, affect and effort, and their associations with exercise tolerance.Design: Counterbalanced, repeated measures designMethod: Participants performed two 30‐minute constant‐load cycling exercise at a power output equal to that at MLSS and 10 W above MLSS, immediately followed by a time‐to‐exhaustion test at 80% of their peak power output. Self-efficacy, affect and effort were measured before and after 30 minutes of cycling at and above MLSS.Results: Negative affect and effort higher, and self-efficacy and time to exhaustion were reduced, following cycling at MLSS + 10 W compared to cycling at the MLSS. Following exercise at the MLSS self-efficacy, affect and effort were all associated with subsequent time-to exhaustion. However, following exercise at MLSS + 10 W, only affect was associated with time-to exhaustion. Conclusions: Self efficacy, affect and effort are profoundly affected by physiological state, highlighting the influence of somatic states on perceptions and emotions during exercise. The affective response to exercise appears to be associated with exercise tolerance, indicating that the emotional, as well as physiological, responses should be considered when prescribing exercise training.

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