Elementary Belief, Causally-Produced Belief and the Natural Relation of Causality

2012 ◽  
pp. 29-51
Author(s):  
Stefanie Rocknak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Relation

Quantum fluctuations of the metric, three-geometries and conformal embeddings in four-manifolds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Davis
Keyword(s):  
Path Integrals ◽  
Invariance Group ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Exponential Expansion ◽  
Cotangent Bundles ◽  
Four Manifolds ◽  
Conformal Embeddings ◽  
Natural Relation

In this paper, connections between the path integrals for four-dimensional quantum gravity and string theory are emphasized. It is shown that there is a natural relation between these two path integrals based on the theorems on embeddings of two-dimensional surfaces in four dimensions and four-dimensional manifolds in ten dimensions. The isometry groups of the three-geometries that are spatial hypersurfaces confomally embedded in the four-manifolds are required to be subgroups of [Formula: see text], which is the invariance group of the Pfaffian differential system satisfied by one form in the cotangent bundles on the four-manifolds. Based on this and other physical conditions, the three-geometries are restricted to be [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with a boundary, which may be included in the quantum gravitational path integral over four-manifolds which are closed at initial times followed by an exponential expansion compatible with supersymmetry.

scholarly journals The periodic law of the chemical elements: ‘ The new system of atomic weights which renders evident the analogies which exist between bodies ' []

2020 ◽  
Vol 378 (2180) ◽  
pp. 20190537
Author(s):  
Peter P. Edwards ◽  
Russell G. Egdell ◽  
Dieter Fenske ◽  
Benzhen Yao
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Great Scientist ◽  
Periodic Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Remarkable Advance ◽  
New System ◽  
Natural Relation

The historical roots, the discovery and the modern relevance of Dmitri Mendeleev's remarkable advance have been the subject of numerous scholarly works. Here, with a brief overview, we hope to provide a link into the contents of this special issue honouring the great scientist. Mendeleev's advance, announced in March 1869, as he put it in 1889, to the ‘… then youthful Russian Chemical Society… ’, first set out the very basis of the periodic law of the chemical elements, the natural relation between the properties of the elements and their atomic weights. This was, and still is, the centrepiece of a historical journey for chemistry to today's position as a pre-eminent science. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mendeleev and the periodic table'.

scholarly journals Keutuhan Nada dan Makna dalam Susunan Bahasa Al-quran

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-83
Author(s):  
Dedy Wahyudin ◽  
Djuaini A
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Natural Relation

This article aimed to describe three focuses: first, how sounds oflanguage signify its meaning; second, how composition of sounds correspondsto the composition of meaning; and third, what are the proofs that the soundsof al-Qur’an verses compose its meanings. Research approach of this articleis qualitative approach using library research. Based on phonological andsemantic studies, this research concludes that the relation between wordsand its meaning in Arabic is natural relation; sounds of al-Qur’an thereforeindicates its meaning; and it can be proofed by analysing al-Qur’an fromphonological and semantic perspective

Platitudes and Counterexamples

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Difference Making ◽  
Normative Considerations ◽  
Causal Concept ◽  
Natural Relation

This article explains the conception of causation as a natural relation in more detail. It outlines some of the features of our use of the causal concept that do not fit with the idea of causation as a natural relation between events. It then outlines the correct explanation of these features, replacing the metaphysical conception of causation with a conception of causation in terms of a contrastive difference-making relation, where the contrasts are determined contextually on the basis of what are often normative considerations.

Representations of Well-Founded Preference Orders

1983 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 496-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Cenzer ◽  
R. Daniel Mauldin
Keyword(s):  
Utility Function ◽  
Binary Relation ◽  
Linear Order ◽  
Equivalence Classes ◽  
Preference Order ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Order Preserving Map ◽  
Preference Orders ◽  
Reasonable Sense ◽  
Natural Relation

A preference order, or linear preorder, on a set X is a binary relation which is transitive, reflexive and total. This preorder partitions the set X into equivalence classes of the form . The natural relation induced by on the set of equivalence classes is a linear order. A well-founded preference order, or prewellordering, will similarly induce a well-ordering. A representation or Paretian utility function of a preference order is an order-preserving map f from X into the R of real numbers (provided with the standard ordering). Mathematicians and economists have studied the problem of obtaining continuous or measurable representations of suitably defined preference orders [4, 7]. Parametrized versions of this problem have also been studied [1, 7, 8]. Given a continuum of preference orders which vary in some reasonable sense with a parameter t, one would like to obtain a continuum of representations which similarly vary with t.

Spatial orientations

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Gerjan van Schaaik
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Case Markers ◽  
Natural Relation

Whereas the dative and ablative case markers are primarily used in combination with verbs denoting movement to and from some object, the locative signifies that all movement is absent. This natural relation justifies a simultaneous discussion of these case forms in deictic pronouns. These markers play a crucial role in expressions based on the genitive-possessive construction applied to nouns denoting a space. Such constructions fulfil the same job as prepositional phrases in other languages. Interestingly, these space nouns are used as pure adjectives as well, and in the final sections two other peculiarities are illustrated. Besides a fully fledged genitive-possessive construction, for metaphorical usage there is a construct without the genitive, the possessive part of which has much in common with a postposition. Secondly, adverbial phrases based on nouns denoting some location have come into existence in a similar way.

The Natural Relation between Biodiversity and Public Health

2013 ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Keune ◽  
Pim Martens ◽  
Conor Kretsch ◽  
Anne-hélène Prieur-Richard
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Natural Relation

False Names, Demonstratives and the Refutation of Linguistic Naturalism in Plato's Cratylus 427d1-431c3

Phronesis ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imogen Smith
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Natural Relation

AbstractThis paper offers an interpretation of Plato's Cratylus 427d1-431c3 that supports a reading of the dialogue as a whole as concluding in favour of a conventionalist account of naming. While many previous interpretations note the value of this passage as evidence for Platonic investigations of false propositions, this paper argues that its demonstration that there can be false (or incorrect) naming in turn refutes the naturalist account of naming; that is, it shows that a natural relation between name and nominatum is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for reference. Socrates secures this outcome by using demonstratives and their concomitants to show how any putative natural imitative link between name and object may be overridden. Furthermore, Socrates' employment of demonstratives and context-dependent statements in his case-studies of false naming speaks in favour of a reading of this passage as primarily focussing on naming rather than on propositions in general.

Assessment of Clinical Hypercoagulability Tendency

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. von Kaulla ◽  
K.N. von Kaulla
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Clotting Factors ◽  
Lysis Time ◽  
Euglobulin Lysis Time ◽  
Blood Specimens ◽  
The Many ◽  
Generation Test ◽  
Natural Relation

Optimal assessment of hypercoagulability which may result in various types of intravascular clotting requires the following procedures. No storage of blood specimens, analyzation right after withdrawal of blood (with few persons involved in work), blood obtained with siliconized, not plastic syringes. Use of citrate Na as anticoagulant by only 20 % dilution, further dilution increases but does not decrease coagulability. Hypercoagulability can be correctly assessed with the thrombin generation test resulting in a curve leaving clotting factors in their natural relation and platelets in suspension. Synthetic substrates can be misleading. Some patients with a prothrombin time in therapeutic range have a normal thrombin generation showing that they are not protected. Short antithrombin III times reflect reduction of another protection against intravascular clotting. They must become prolonged by prothrombin-depressing agents, if not these agents are ineffective. Platelet aggregation induced by stirring only reveals another type of hypercoagulability tendency which cannot be treated with anticoagulants. Prolonged euglobulin lysis time reflects loss of yet another type of protection again, an intravascular clotting potential. Fast test for fibrin monomeres should be added. The tests mentioned revealed various types of hypercoagulability in most of the many patients who were referred to us for assessment of this tendency.

scholarly journals XXV. Researches on silica

1857 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Binary Compound ◽  
Essential Point ◽  
Proper Position ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Relation ◽  
Made In

Since chemistry has been studied as a science, it has been an object with its cultivators to arrange the bodies which have been the subjects of their attention, into groups in which the individuals should have a natural relation to each other. Probably at no time in the history of the science has the importance of such a classification been more strongly felt than at the present day, not only on account of the number of known elements, but also from the number of compound bodies appearing to act as elements, which organic chemistry has made known. Although great advances have been made in this direction, the place of the element silicon in such a series as above alluded to, is very doubtful. Yet the binary compound of this element, silicon with oxygen, is familiar to every one; it constitutes by itself a considerable portion of the crust of the earth, and enters into a long series of definite crystallized compounds. It has been satisfactorily determined that this substance, silica, belongs to the class of bodies designated as acids, but one essential point is wanting to enable chemists to give it, or its peculiar element, its proper position, and that is, the formula of this silica or silicic acid.

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