In Vitro Approaches to Disease Resistance

1984 ◽  
pp. 453-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Hammerschlag
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance

IN VITRO SELECTION OF DISEASE RESISTANCE IN FRUIT TREES

1995 ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hammerschlag ◽  
D. Ritchie ◽  
D. Werner ◽  
G. Hashmil ◽  
L. Krusberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
In Vitro Selection ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Probiotics in Fish Nutrition—Long-Standing Household Remedy or Native Nutraceuticals?

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1348
Author(s):  
Sven Wuertz ◽  
Arne Schroeder ◽  
Konrad M. Wanka
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Fish Nutrition ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Resistance Decrease ◽  
Stress Susceptibility

Over the last decades, aquaculture production increased rapidly. The future development of the industry highly relies on the sustainable utilization of natural resources. The need for improving disease resistance, growth performance, food conversion, and product safety for human consumption has stimulated the application of probiotics in aquaculture. Probiotics increase growth and feed conversion, improve health status, raise disease resistance, decrease stress susceptibility, and improve general vigor. Currently, most probiotics still originate from terrestrial sources rather than fish. However, host-associated (autochthonous) probiotics are likely more persistent in the gastrointestinal tract of fish and may, therefore, exhibit longer-lasting effects on the host. Probiotic candidates are commonly screened in in vitro assays, but the transfer to in vivo assessment is often problematic. In conclusion, modulation of the host-associated microbiome by the use of complex probiotics is promising, but a solid understanding of the interactions involved is only in its infancy and requires further research. Probiotics could be used to explore novel ingredients such as chitin-rich insect meal, which cannot be digested by the fish host alone. Most importantly, probiotics offer the opportunity to improve stress and disease resistance, which is among the most pressing problems in aquaculture.

In vitro Selection: A Candidate Approach for Disease Resistance Breeding in Fruit Crops

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 437-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chandra ◽  
Madhu Kamle ◽  
Anju Bajpai ◽  
M. Muthukumar ◽  
Shahina Kalim
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
In Vitro Selection ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Disease Resistance Breeding

Over-expression of GbRac1 gene in transgenic tobacco enhances disease resistance to Alternaria alternata in vitro

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wei-Min ◽  
Wang Zhi-Xing ◽  
Jia Shi-Rong
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Northern Blot Analysis ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Degenerate Primers ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Detached Leaves

AbstractGbRac1 gene was cloned from Gossypium barbadense with degenerate primers and 3′-RACE. Northern blot analysis indicated that GbRac1 mRNA was expressed abundantly in G. barbadense seedlings inoculated with Verticillium dehliae compared with mock-inoculated plants. A plant constitutive expression vector pRac harbouring GbRac1 gene was constructed and leaf discs of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. NC89) were transformed with pRac by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Disease challenge test of detached leaves of the transgenic plants by inoculation with Alternaria alternata showed that resistance was enhanced dramatically compared with the non-transgenic plants. Results suggest that GbRac1 gene might have potential application in the genetic engineering of plants with enhanced disease resistance.

Stress alters immune function and disease resistance in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1989 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Maule ◽  
R. A. Tripp ◽  
S. L. Kaattari ◽  
C. B. Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Vibrio Anguillarum ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Mean Time

ABSTRACT We examined the effects of acute stress on the immune system and disease resistance of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in laboratory and clinical trials. Immune function, as measured by the ability of lymphocytes from the anterior kidney to generate specific antibody-producing cells (APC) in vitro, was depressed 4 h after stress, when plasma cortisol levels were highest. At the same time, resistance to the fish pathogen, Vibrio anguillarum, was also depressed. Compared with controls, plasma cortisol and APC of stressed fish were unchanged after 24 h, and disease resistance was enhanced as evidenced by higher survival rate and longer mean time to death of mortalities. After 7 days, even though numbers of APC were depressed, plasma cortisol concentration and disease resistance did not differ from controls. This pattern was generally the same, independent of the type of stress applied: i.e. being held out of water in a dipnet for 30 s, manipulation during hatchery operations for 4 h, or transportation for 9 h. These and earlier findings suggest that similar endocrine-immune interactions operate in the mammalian and salmonid systems during acute stress. Journal of Endocrinology (1989) 120, 135–142

scholarly journals Stem Rust Spores Elicit Rapid RPG1 Phosphorylation

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1635-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala ◽  
Tom Drader ◽  
Xianming Chen ◽  
Brian Steffenson ◽  
Andris Kleinhofs
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Kinase Domain ◽  
Protein Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Disease Resistance Protein ◽  
Resistance Protein

Stem rust threatens cereal production worldwide. Understanding the mechanism by which durable resistance genes, such as Rpg1, function is critical. We show that the RPG1 protein is phosphorylated within 5 min by exposure to spores from avirulent but not virulent races of stem rust. Transgenic mutants encoding an RPG1 protein with an in vitro inactive kinase domain fail to phosphorylate RPG1 in vivo and are susceptible to stem rust, demonstrating that phosphorylation is a prerequisite for disease resistance. Protein kinase inhibitors prevent RPG1 phosphorylation and result in susceptibility to stem rust, providing further evidence for the importance of phosphorylation in disease resistance. We conclude that phosphorylation of the RPG1 protein by the kinase activity of the pK2 domain induced by the interaction with an unknown pathogen spore product is required for resistance to the avirulent stem rust races. The pseudokinase pK1 domain is required for disease resistance but not phosphorylation. The very rapid phosphorylation of RPG1 suggests that an effector is already present in or on the stem rust urediniospores when they are placed on the leaf surface. However, spores must be alive, as determined by their ability to germinate, in order to elicit RPG1 phosphorylation.

scholarly journals IN VITRO BLACKSPOT DISEASE RESISTANCE OF ROSES

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 497d-497
Author(s):  
J. M. Sherman ◽  
K. S. Reddy ◽  
S. E. Newman ◽  
J. A. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Diplocarpon Rosae ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Rosa Roxburghii ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Callus Lines

The objective of this study was to determine if blackspot (Diplocarpon rosae, Wolf) resistance and susceptibility is expressed in callus derived from known resistant and susceptible genotypes of roses. Established callus lines of blackspot susceptible hybrid tea roses `Pascali' and `Tropicana' and blackspot resistant species roses Rosa roxburghii and R. setigera were inoculated directly with a blackspot conidia suspension. Uninoculated callus served as controls. Cultures were incubated at 25°C for 28 days in the dark. An evaluation of the appearance and precent change in fresh weight indicated that for all genotypes tested, inoculation resulted in a decline in tissue appearance and rate of weight increase. These results indicated that in vitro. resistance to blackspot differs from the resistance found in whole plants.

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