The B-Theory and Theories of Direct Reference

Drug-induced Cholelithiasis

Current Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1574884715666201217125009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Štefan Alušík ◽

Zoltán Paluch

Keyword(s):

Reference Lists ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Somatostatin Analogues ◽

Direct Reference ◽

Google Scholar ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Therapy Initiation ◽

Wide Range

Background: The prevalence of cholelithiasis in developed countries is high and its cause multifactorial, with a negligible proportion of drug-induced cholelithiasis. Methods: Relevant studies were identified by PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed. The most relevant and up-to-date information was incorporated. Results: There is a wide range of drugs that can induce lithiasis. While the risk of developing lithiasis is high with some drugs (ceftriaxone, atazanavir, somatostatin analogues), it is lower or even questionable with others. Some drugs precipitate in the bile and may account for up to 100% of weight of the stone. Conclusion: Cholelithiasis can be induced by a wide range of drugs with different mechanisms of action.The aim of the article is to draw attention to this lesser known fact and the need to take into account the risk of developing lithiasis prior to therapy initiation.

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‘Where’ Questions and Their Responses in Duna (Papua New Guinea)

Open Linguistics ◽

10.1515/opli-2016-0005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lila San Roque

Keyword(s):

Papua New Guinea ◽

High Frequency ◽

New Guinea ◽

Direct Reference ◽

Space And Place ◽

Frequency Function ◽

Data Set ◽

Functional Flexibility ◽

Information Gap ◽

Question Formation

AbstractDespite their central role in question formation, content interrogatives in spontaneous conversation remain relatively under-explored cross-linguistically. This paper outlines the structure of ‘where’ expressions in Duna, a language spoken in Papua New Guinea, and examines where-questions in a small Duna data set in terms of their frequency, function, and the responses they elicit. Questions that ask ‘where?’ have been identified as a useful tool in studying the language of space and place, and, in the Duna case and elsewhere, show high frequency and functional flexibility. Although where-questions formulate place as an information gap, they are not always answered through direct reference to canonical places. While some question types may be especially “socially costly” (Levinson 2012), asking ‘where’ perhaps provides a relatively innocuous way of bringing a particular event or situation into focus.

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Taxonomic notes and validation of the name Oenothera mollis (Onagraceae)

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.303.3.12 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 303 (3) ◽

pp. 297

Author(s):

MONIKA WOŹNIAK-CHODACKA

Keyword(s):

Direct Reference ◽

Original Diagnosis

The name Oenothera mollis Renner ex Rostański was not validly published in 1965 because of the lack of a type designation. In this paper the holotype is indicated and the name is validly published with a full and direct reference to Rostański’s original diagnosis.

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A CASE STUDY ON ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION MANAGING THROUGH AYURVEDA W.S.R. RAKTAGATA VYAN VAISHAMYA

November 2020 - International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ◽

10.46607/iamj16p5042021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol p5 (4) ◽

pp. 2965-2968

Author(s):

Ruhi Zahir ◽

Iqbal Khan

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Essential Hypertension ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

High Blood Pressure ◽

Direct Reference ◽

Major Risk Factor ◽

End Stage

Essential hypertension is high blood pressure that doesn't have any known etiopathology. Most of sufferers (85%) are asymptomatic and as per available reports, in more than 95% cases of hypertension under lying cause is not found. It is estimated that 600 million people are affected worldwide. Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Its impact is greatest on stroke, MI and end stage is renal failure as it’s known as a Silent Killer. Hence there is no direct reference of hypertension in Ayurvedic classics by name as well as by its path physiological views. Many works have been carried out on hypertension to evaluate the perfect diagnosis and mode of treatment on the basis of Different nomenclatures also have been adopted by Ayurveda experts like Raktagata Vata, Raktagata Vyana Vaisamya, Uccha Rakta Chapa, Raktavrita Vata, Siragata Vata etc. Keywords: Essential hypertension, Raktagata Vyana Vaisamya, Uccha Rakta Chapa, Cardiovascular diseases, Silent Killer.

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Indexical Sinn: Fregeanism versus Millianism

Revista de Filosofia Aurora ◽

10.7213/aurora.26.039.ds01 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 26 (39) ◽

pp. 465

Author(s):

João Branquinho

Keyword(s):

Propositional Attitude ◽

Proper Names ◽

Direct Reference ◽

Cognitive Significance ◽

De Re ◽

General Conception ◽

Attitude Reports ◽

Singular Reference ◽

Reference Theory ◽

Careful Assessment

This paper discusses two notational variance views with respect to indexical singular reference and content: the view that certain forms of Millianism are at bottom notational variants of a Fregean theory of reference, the Fregean Notational Variance Claim; and the view that certain forms of Fregeanism are at bottom notational variants of a direct reference theory, the Millian Notational Variance Claim. While the former claim rests on the supposition that a direct reference theory could be easily turned into a particular version of a neo-Fregean one by showing that it is bound to acknowledge certain senselike entities, the latter claim is based upon the supposition that a neo-Fregean theory could be easily turned into a particular version of a Millian one by showing that De Re senses are theoretically superfluous and hence eliminable. The question how many accounts of singular reference and content are we confronted with here — Two different (and mutually antagonistic) theories? Or just two versions of what is in essence the same theory? — is surely of importance to anyone interested in the topic. And this question should be answered by means of a careful assessment of the soundness of each of the above claims. Before trying to adjudicate between the two accounts, one would naturally want to know whether or not there are indeed two substantially disparate accounts. Grosso modo, if the Fregean Claim were sound then we would have a single general conception of singular reference to deal with, viz. Fregeanism; likewise, if the Millian Claim were sound we would be facing a single general conception of singular reference, viz. Millianism. My view is that both the Fregean Notational Variance Claim and its Millian counterpart are wrong, though naturally on different grounds. I have argued elsewhere that the Fregean Notational Variance Claim - considered in its application to the semantics of propositional-attitude reports involving proper names — is unsound. I intend tosupplement in this paper such a result by trying to show that the Millian Claim - taken in its application to the semantics of indexical expressions — should also be rated as incorrect. I focus on a certain set of arguments for the Millian Claim, arguments which I take as adequately representing the general outlook of the Millian theorist with respect to neo-Fregeanism about indexicals and which involve issues about the cognitive significance of sentences containing indexical terms.

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“Underground Love”: D. H. Lawrence and “Notes from the Underground” by F. M. Dostoevsky

Nauchnyy dialog ◽

10.24224/2227-1295-2020-2-238-250 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 238-250

Author(s):

E. A. Markova

Keyword(s):

Direct Reference ◽

The Novel ◽

First Time ◽

Individual Interpretation ◽

Women In Love

The reception of the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky “Notes from the Underground” in the works and correspondence of D. H. Lawrence is analyzed in the article. The novelty of the study is in the fact that the influence of this story on Lawrence’s prose is being studied for the first time. Particular attention is paid to Lawrence’s letters to the translator S. S. Kotelyansky, with whom the English writer shared his impressions of reading the works of Russian classics, especially Dostoevsky, as well as to one of the letters addressed to the writer G. Campbell, which contains the only direct reference to “Notes from the Underground” in Lawrence. This letter reveals an individual interpretation of the story by Lawrence. It is proved that this interpretation turns out to be close to the reading of the Notes by L. Shestov. The question is raised about the existing parallels between the text of Dostoevsky and the novels of D. G. Lawrence (“Women in Love”, “The Lost Girl”, “Rainbow” and “Aaron’s Rod”). The similarity is seen in the peculiar interpretation of the Underground concept by Lawrence. It is shown that the image of the Underground in the works of the English writer (usually expressed by the words “underworld”, “subterranean”) is always somehow connected with the irrational principle and is involved in the formation of Lawrence sensualism.

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The Religious Aspect of Ulster Revivalism

Journal of Mental Science ◽

10.1192/bjp.7.35.59 ◽

1860 ◽

Vol 7 (35) ◽

pp. 59-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. M'Ilwaine

Keyword(s):

Direct Reference ◽

Christian Faith ◽

Mental Phenomenon ◽

The Subject ◽

Religious Aspect

The regions of religion and philosophy are distinct, but by no means opposed. Some professors of the Christian faith may have fallen into the error that revelation and science are antagonistic, but such a position has neither any foundation in fact, nor any countenance in the Divine record. Warnings, no doubt, occur in the apostolic writings under the head of science and philosophy; but these are directed against “science falsely so called“, and such philosophy as is identified with “vain deceit.” There can be no opposition between nature and revelation, inasmuch as the author of both is the same God, who is “light“, and whose essence is “truth”. In examining therefore a mental phenomenon, such as that of Revivalism, as lately exhibited in the northern counties of Ireland, and during whose rise and progress so much of a religious element was developed, it would be, in a manner, impossible to do justice to the subject, without a direct reference to this element; nor will the interests of evangelical truth be injured, by an endeavour to discriminate between the false and the true, the genuine and the factitious, in this singular excitement; neither, I must presume, will the pages of a journal devoted mainly to subjects of a psychological character be diverted from their legitimate application if the Religious Aspect of Ulster Revivalism be introduced to them.

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