Drug-induced Cholelithiasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štefan Alušík ◽  
Zoltán Paluch
Keyword(s):  
Reference Lists ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Somatostatin Analogues ◽  
Direct Reference ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Therapy Initiation ◽  
Wide Range

Background: The prevalence of cholelithiasis in developed countries is high and its cause multifactorial, with a negligible proportion of drug-induced cholelithiasis. Methods: Relevant studies were identified by PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed. The most relevant and up-to-date information was incorporated. Results: There is a wide range of drugs that can induce lithiasis. While the risk of developing lithiasis is high with some drugs (ceftriaxone, atazanavir, somatostatin analogues), it is lower or even questionable with others. Some drugs precipitate in the bile and may account for up to 100% of weight of the stone. Conclusion: Cholelithiasis can be induced by a wide range of drugs with different mechanisms of action.The aim of the article is to draw attention to this lesser known fact and the need to take into account the risk of developing lithiasis prior to therapy initiation.

Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption in tertiary wastewater treatment: experiments and models

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Chaudhary ◽  
S. Vigneswaran ◽  
V. Jegatheesan ◽  
H.H. Ngo ◽  
H. Moon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Batch Adsorption ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gac Adsorption

Wastewater treatment has always been a major concern in the developed countries. Over the last few decades, activated carbon adsorption has gained importance as an alternative tertiary wastewater treatment and purification process. In this study, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption was evaluated in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) removal from low strength synthetic wastewater. This paper provides details on adsorption experiments conducted on synthetic wastewater to develop suitable adsorption isotherms. Although the inorganics used in the synthetic wastewater solution had an overall unfavourable effect on adsorption of organics, the GAC adsorption system was found to be effective in removing TOC from the wastewater. This study showed that equation of state (EOS) theory was able to fit the adsorption isotherm results more precisely than the most commonly used Freundlich isotherm. Biodegradation of the organics with time was the most crucial and important aspect of the system and it was taken into account in determining the isotherm parameters. Initial organic concentration of the wastewater was the determining factor of the model parameters, and hence the isotherm parameters were determined covering a wide range of initial organic concentrations of the wastewater. As such, the isotherm parameters derived using the EOS theory could predict the batch adsorption and fixed bed adsorption results of the multi-component system successfully. The isotherm parameters showed a significant effect on the determination of the mass transfer coefficients in batch and fixed bed systems.

scholarly journals Naringenin: A Promising Therapeutic Agent against Organ Fibrosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yanfei Du ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Yu Fan ◽  
Xinyu Wang ◽  
Shuzhan Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fibrotic Disorders ◽  
Organ Fibrosis

Fibrosis is the final common pathology of most chronic diseases as seen in the heart, liver, lung, kidney, and skin and contributes to nearly half of death in the developed countries. Fibrosis, or scarring, is mainly characterized by the transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by myofibroblasts. Despite immense efforts made in the field of organ fibrosis over the past decades and considerable understanding of the occurrence and development of fibrosis gained, there is still lack of an effective treatment for fibrotic diseases. Therefore, identifying a new therapeutic strategy against organ fibrosis is an unmet clinical need. Naringenin, a flavonoid that occurs naturally in citrus fruits, has been found to confer a wide range of pharmacological effects including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer benefits and thus potentially exerting preventive and curative effects on numerous diseases. In addition, emerging evidence has revealed that naringenin can prevent the pathogenesis of fibrosis in vivo and in vitro via the regulation of various pathways that involved signaling molecules such as transforming growth factor-β1/small mother against decapentaplegic protein 3 (TGF-β1/Smad3), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), sirtuin1 (SIRT1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Targeting these profibrotic pathways by naringenin could potentially become a novel therapeutic approach for the management of fibrotic disorders. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the antifibrotic roles of naringenin in vivo and in vitro and their underlying mechanisms of action. As a food derived compound, naringenin may serve as a promising drug candidate for the treatment of fibrotic disorders.

scholarly journals MODERN CONDITION AND DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF THE TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Komchatnykh ◽  
Svitlana Petrovska ◽  
Nataliia Redko
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
Modern Condition

The article considers modern condition and development perspectives of transport at whole and the transport infrastructure of Ukraine. The basis of the country transport complex makes up its infrastructure, it joins manufacturing, users, suppliers and partners. Developed infrastructure affects not only effective and timely delivery of the products, but provides for decreased transport expenses. The beneficial geographical position of Ukraine, crossing the main transit ways between Europe and Asia, presence of active Black Sea ports, developed network of railroads, car roads and pipelines throughout the latitudinal and meridian directions create all predispositions for the transport branch development. The studies of the Ukrainian transport infrastructure and transport condition during last years evidence about non-stable dynamics, which is mainly related to economical and geopolitical crisis in the country as well as the COVID 19 consequences. Analysis of the freight transport by transport kinds shows increased volumes of car transport with decreased railway transport. The rise of the car transport share is connected to its advantages: mobility, possibility of delivery exactly to the destination, high speed of delivery, flexibility of the route choice, wide range of the shipment as well as provision of logistic services by cars. Exacerbation in the East has considerably decreased number of contracts between Ukrainian shipping companies and international partners related to the international transportation. First of all, the situation provides for decreased transportation volumes on the territory of Ukraine. The level of transport services to economic system and population of Ukraine is significantly lower than that one in the developed countries of the world. According to the car road characteristics, Ukraine has long been behind not only the countries of Western Europe, but many post-Soviet countries. A necessary condition of the effective development and managing crisis in the transport branch, particularly that caused by the COVID 19 pandemics, is development and modernizing transport infrastructure of Ukraine according to the modern technological requirements. This will provide for uniform development of all regions of Ukraine, improved population life quality, development of trade and tourism as well as creation of new economic opportunities by attracting foreign investment.

scholarly journals Study on the development of nanotechnology in advanced countries and in Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Fracalossi Rediguieri
Keyword(s):  
Reference Lists ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Private Investments ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries

The study shows how nanotechnology evolves in developed countries and Brazil, raising aspects of private and governmental initiatives. The investigation was based in scientific literature, electronic articles and conference reports. Several sources of literature were used, including electronic databases and reference lists. By this study, it was observed that, although nanotechnology is in initial stage of development all over the world, the developed countries have had growing public and private investments in the area each year. In those countries, there is a concern toward both, the formation of specialists in nanotechnology and the transference of technology developed in universities and research institutes to industry. In Brazil, the study showed that despite the growing concern of investigators, national research centers and financial centers toward the development of the nanotechnology, there is still a need for more investment and formation of area specialists.

scholarly journals Esterified Anabolic Androgen-Induced Liver Injury in a Hepatitis C Virus-Positive Patient: A CaseReport

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-154
Author(s):  
Kyrillus S. Shohdy ◽  
Rasmia M. El Gohary
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Drug Induced Liver Injury ◽  
Disease Case ◽  
Daunting Task ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anabolic Androgen

Background: Cases of drug induced liver injury still perplex gastroenterologists due to its wide range of presentations that mimic acute and chronic liver conditions. Moreover, matters get complicated when clinicians face the possibility of drug-induced injury in the presence of pre-existing chronic liver disease. Case: A 69 year-old male who was recently discovered to have a hepatitis C viral infection presented with acute manifestations (mixed cholangio-hepatocellular injury) not fully explained by the underlying chronic disease, we suspected an idiosyncratic reaction from an esterified anabolic androgen. His manifestations have appeared acutely after the drug intake and include acute onset of jaundice, abdominal pain, pruritus and choluria. He was improving on drug discontinuity and conservative measures during his brief hospital stay. Conclusion: The underlying chronic disease constitutes a dilemma in diagnosis of superimposed drug-induced liver injury, as the proof of causality is a daunting task. In such cases, it is tempting to link such new emerging manifestations to be a flare-up of the underlying chronic disease rather than to the drug. However, certain clues helped to point this clinical presentation towards a drug-induced liver injury

scholarly journals Determination of the Irrigation Water Supply Services Cost

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Water Charges ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Organizational Mechanisms

The article summarizes and analyzes experience in irrigation water charges fixation. Many countries of the world with developed irrigation systems face problems of lack or inadequacy of financial resources to maintain these systems in an efficient state. There is the necessity to find effective financial and organizational mechanisms to address these problems. The purpose of this article is to summarize and analyse the experience of setting fees for the supply of water for irrigation in various socio-economic conditions and to find out possibilities of improving systems of payment collection for the provision of irrigation services and in particular, for irrigation water supply. The analysis is based on a wide range of conditions specific for both developing and developed countries. In addition, the article attempts to assess the experience of using the amount of payment for irrigation water as an incentive for cost recovery to achieve financial sustainability and demand management for the efficient use of water resources. Quotas, water markets, subsidies, as well as information/educational problems have been considered as incentives of water resources demand management. We have considered special features of the tariffs formation in the Central Asia countries. The study has demonstrated that the two-stake tariff implementation will enable to compensate the irrigation services expenses at the level acceptable for water users in case of cultivation of crops generating an adequate income for the tariff’s financing.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF CLOUD TECHNOLOGY POSSIBILITIES AS A COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT PLATFORM IN SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Ponomaryova ◽  
◽  
Sergy Ponomaryiov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Cloud Infrastructure ◽  
Communication Environment ◽  
Wide Range

The current problem of transition to the use of "Cloud Computing" in the process of assessing possible use has been reflected in this study. Assessments of the capabilities of cloud services have been conducted, which are part of a group study of cloud computing as a platform for creating a communication environment in the scientific activities of the Free Economic Zone. The essence of the concept of cloud computing is to provide end users with remote dynamic access to services, computing resources and applications via the Internet. The main possibilities and functions of the information space of scientific communications have been considered. In the process of evaluating the possible use of cloud solutions, the main properties, capabilities and characteristics have also been considered. Web-services based on cloud computing technology in terms of meeting the goals of the scientific community have been analyzed. The most widely used and widely used cloud storage services today that can be used to build a research communication platform are cloud infrastructure providers Google, Amazon and Microsoft. When using the capabilities of these services, favorable conditions are created for the translation of all necessary functions into cyberspace. Today, no more than 37% of domestic organizations actually use cloud technologies to optimize their IT infrastructures, although the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly accelerated this process. Experts claim that Cloud Computing opens access to powerful resources, as well as provides a real opportunity to overcome the technological gap that separates Ukraine from more developed countries. With the successful implementation of such a transition, it is possible to organize a platform of communication environment with new features that meet modern requirements for safety and ease of use in scientific activities. Thus, "cloud computing" is a new approach that reduces the complexity of IT systems, through the use of a wide range of efficient technologies, self-managed and available on demand within the virtual infrastructure, as well as consumed as services.

scholarly journals Activities of Intelligence Services as a Synonymous of Fear and Intimidation

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
MA. Fisnik Sadiku ◽  
MA. Besnik Lokaj
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Clear Explanation ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Wide Range

Intelligence services are an important factor of national security. Their main role is to collect, process, analyze, and disseminate information on threats to the state and its population.Because of their “dark” activity, intelligence services for many ordinary citizens are synonymous of violence, fear and intimidation. This mostly comes out in theRepublicofKosovo, due to the murderous activities of the Serbian secret service in the past. Therefore, we will treat the work of intelligence services in democratic conditions, so that the reader can understand what is legitimate and legal of these services.In different countries of the world, security challenges continue to evolve and progress every day, and to fulfil these challenges, the state needs new ways of coordinating and developing the capability to shape the national security environment. However, the increase of intelligence in many countries has raised debates about legal and ethical issues regarding intelligence activities.Therefore, this paper will include a clear explanation of the term, meaning, process, transparency and secrecy, and the role that intelligence services have in analyzing potential threats to national security.The study is based on a wide range of print and electronic literature, including academic and scientific literature, and other documents of various intelligence agencies of developed countries.

scholarly journals Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Bibliometric Review From 2001 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guozhen Yuan ◽  
Jingjing Shi ◽  
Qiulei Jia ◽  
Shuqing Shi ◽  
Xueping Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Subject Categories ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Topic Distribution

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a serious threat to global public health due to its high prevalence and disability rate. Meanwhile, cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has attracted increasing attention for its positive effects on the cardiovascular system. There is overwhelming evidence that CR for patients with CVD is effective in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To learn more about the development of CR, 5,567 papers about CR and related research were retrieved in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2001 to 2020. Then, these publications were scientometrically analyzed based on CiteSpace in terms of spatiotemporal distribution, author distribution, subject categories, topic distribution, and references. The results can be elaborated from three aspects. Firstly, the number of annual publications related to CR has increased year by year in general over the past two decades. Secondly, a co-occurrence analysis of the output countries and authors shows that a few developed countries such as the United States, Canada, and the UK are the most active in carrying out CR and where regional academic communities represented by Sherry Grace and Ross Arena were formed. Thirdly, an analysis of the subject categories and topic distribution of the papers reveals that CR is a typical interdiscipline with a wide range of disciplines involved, including clinical medicine, basic medicine, public health management, and sports science. The research topics cover the participants and implementers, components, and the objectives and requirements of CR. The current research hotspots are the three core modalities of CR, namely patient education, exercise training and mental support, as well as mobile health (mHealth) dependent on computer science. In conclusion, this work has provided some useful information for acquiring knowledge about CR, including identifying potential collaborators for researchers interested in CR, and discovering research trends and hot topics in CR, which can offer some guidance for more extensive and in-depth CR-related studies in the future.

scholarly journals Drug Induced Steatohepatitis: An Uncommon Culprit of a Common Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liane Rabinowich ◽  
Oren Shibolet
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of liver disease in developed countries. Its frequency is increasing in the general population mostly due to the widespread occurrence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Although drugs and dietary supplements are viewed as a major cause of acute liver injury, drug induced steatosis and steatohepatitis are considered a rare form of drug induced liver injury (DILI). The complex mechanism leading to hepatic steatosis caused by commonly used drugs such as amiodarone, methotrexate, tamoxifen, valproic acid, glucocorticoids, and others is not fully understood. It relates not only to induction of the metabolic syndrome by some drugs but also to their impact on important molecular pathways including increased hepatocytes lipogenesis, decreased secretion of fatty acids, and interruption of mitochondrialβ-oxidation as well as altered expression of genes responsible for drug metabolism. Better familiarity with this type of liver injury is important for early recognition of drug hepatotoxicity and crucial for preventing severe forms of liver injury and cirrhosis. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms leading to drug induced hepatic steatosis may provide much needed clues to the mechanism and potential prevention of the more common form of metabolic steatohepatitis.

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