First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-55
Author(s):  
Long-Qing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Thermodynamics

First and second laws of thermodynamics: relationship, “inconsistency”, hidden effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
A. M. Savchenko ◽  
Yu. V. Konovalov ◽  
A. V. Laushkin
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Of Mixing ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the first and second laws of thermodynamics based on their energy nature is considered. It is noted that the processes described by the second law of thermodynamics often take place hidden within the system, which makes it difficult to detect them. Nevertheless, even with ideal mixing, an increase in the internal energy of the system occurs, numerically equal to an increase in free energy. The largest contribution to the change in the value of free energy is made by the entropy of mixing, which has energy significance. The entropy of mixing can do the job, which is confirmed in particular by osmotic processes.

Processes and Responses

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Rau
Keyword(s):  
Heat Engine ◽  
Cyclic Process ◽  
Free Enthalpy ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Thermodynamic Potentials ◽  
Grand Potential ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Cyclic Processes ◽  
Energy Exchanges ◽  
Thermodynamic Processes

Thermodynamic processes involve energy exchanges in the forms of work, heat, or particles. Such exchanges might be reversible or irreversible, and they might be controlled by barriers or reservoirs. A cyclic process takes a system through several states and eventually back to its initial state; it may convert heat into work (engine) or vice versa (heat pump). This chapter defines work and heat mathematically and investigates their respective properties, in particular their impact on entropy. It discusses the roles of barriers and reservoirs and introduces cyclic processes. Basic constraints imposed by the laws of thermodynamics are considered, in particular on the efficiency of a heat engine. The chapter also introduces the thermodynamic potentials: free energy, enthalpy, free enthalpy, and grand potential. These are used to describe energy exchanges and equilibrium in the presence of reservoirs. Finally, this chapter considers thermodynamic coefficients which characterize the response of a system to heating, compression, and other external actions.

A solution of the time paradox of physics

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grit Kalies
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Quantum Level ◽  
Energy Equivalence ◽  
Time Arrow ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Time Concepts ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
The One ◽  
Matter Energy

AbstractQuantum mechanics for describing the behavior of microscopic entities and thermodynamics for describing macroscopic systems exhibit separate time concepts. Whereas many theories of modern physics interpret processes as reversible, in thermodynamics, an expression for irreversibility and the so-called time arrow has been developed: the increase of entropy. The divergence between complete reversibility on the one hand and irreversibility on the other is called the paradox of time. Since more than hundred years many efforts have been devoted to unify the time concepts. So far, the efforts were not successful. In this paper a solution is proposed on the basis of matter-energy equivalence with an energetic distinction between matter and mass. By refraining from interpretations predominant in modern theoretical physics, the first and second laws of thermodynamics can be extended to fundamental laws of nature, which are also valid at quantum level.

scholarly journals Dynamic Equilibrium Equations in Unified Mechanics Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Noushad Bin Jamal Bin Jamal M ◽  
Hsiao Wei Lee ◽  
Chebolu Lakshmana Rao ◽  
Cemal Basaran
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Entropy Generation ◽  
Equilibrium Equation ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Free Vibration Analysis ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
Equilibrium Equations ◽  
Time Coordinate ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics

Traditionally dynamic analysis is done using Newton’s universal laws of the equation of motion. According to the laws of Newtonian mechanics, the x, y, z, space-time coordinate system does not include a term for energy loss, an empirical damping term “C” is used in the dynamic equilibrium equation. Energy loss in any system is governed by the laws of thermodynamics. Unified Mechanics Theory (UMT) unifies the universal laws of motion of Newton and the laws of thermodynamics at ab-initio level. As a result, the energy loss [entropy generation] is automatically included in the laws of the Unified Mechanics Theory (UMT). Using unified mechanics theory, the dynamic equilibrium equation is derived and presented. One-dimensional free vibration analysis with frictional dissipation is used to compare the results of the proposed model with that of a Newtonian mechanics equation. For the proposed entropy generation equation in the system, the trend of predictions is comparable with the reported experimental results and Newtonian mechanics-based predictions.

scholarly journals Fluctuating Diffusivity of RNA-Protein Particles: Analogy with Thermodynamics

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Yuichi Itto
Keyword(s):  
Internal Energy ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Statistical Fluctuation ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Thermodynamic Entropy ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Protein Particles ◽  
Quantity Of Heat

A formal analogy of fluctuating diffusivity to thermodynamics is discussed for messenger RNA molecules fluorescently fused to a protein in living cells. Regarding the average value of the fluctuating diffusivity of such RNA-protein particles as the analog of the internal energy, the analogs of the quantity of heat and work are identified. The Clausius-like inequality is shown to hold for the entropy associated with diffusivity fluctuations, which plays a role analogous to the thermodynamic entropy, and the analog of the quantity of heat. The change of the statistical fluctuation distribution is also examined from a geometric perspective. The present discussions may contribute to a deeper understanding of the fluctuating diffusivity in view of the laws of thermodynamics.

Experimental evidence for the need of thermodynamic considerations in modelling of anaerobic environmental bioprocesses

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choon-Yee Hoh ◽  
Ralf Cord-Ruwisch
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Rate Equation ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Product Inhibition ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics

For modeling of biological processes that operate close to the dynamic equilibrium (eg. anaerobic processes), it is critical to prevent the prediction of positive reaction rates when the reaction has already reached dynamic equilibrium. Traditional Michaelis-Menten based models were found to violate the laws of thermodynamics as they predicted positive reaction rates for reactions that were endergonic due to high endproduct concentrations. The inclusion of empirical “product inhibition factors” as suggested by previous work could not prevent this problem. This paper compares the predictions of the Michaelis-Menten Model (with and without product inhibition factors) and the Equilibrium Based Model (which has a thermodynamic term introduced into its rate equation) with experimental results of reactions in anaerobic bacterial environments. In contrast to the Michaelis-Menten based models that used traditional inhibition factors, the Equilibrium Based Model correctly predicted the nature and the degree of inhibition due to endproduct accumulation. Moreover, this model also correctly predicted when reaction rates must be zero due to the free energy change of the conversion reaction being zero. With these added advantages, the Equilibrium Based Model thus seemed to provide a scientifically correct and more realistic basis for a variety of models that describe anaerobic biosystems.

General form of the analytic function f(T) in diverse dimension for a static planar spacetime

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1950158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamal Nashed
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Analytic Function ◽  
Black Hole Solution ◽  
Static Solution ◽  
Gravitational Theory ◽  
Interesting Property ◽  
Constant Function ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Adm Mass ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics

We derive an exact static solution in diverse dimension, without any constraints, to the field equations of [Formula: see text] gravitational theory using a planar spacetime with two unknown functions, i.e. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The black hole solution is characterized by two constants, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], one is related to the mass of the black hole, [Formula: see text], and the other is responsible to make the solution deviate from the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (TEGR). We show that the analytic function [Formula: see text] depends on the constant [Formula: see text] and becomes constant function when [Formula: see text] which corresponds to the TEGR case. The interesting property of this solution is the fact that it makes the singularity of the Kretschmann invariant much softer than the TEGR case. We calculate the energy of this black hole and show that it is equivalent to ADM mass. Applying a coordinate transformation, we derive a rotating black hole with nontrivial values of the torsion scalar and [Formula: see text]. Finally, we examine the physical properties of this black hole solution using the laws of thermodynamics and show that it has thermodynamical stability.

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