Both Classical and Quantum Information: Both Bit and Qubit. Both Physical and Transcendental Time

Information can be considered as the most fundamental, philosophical, physical and mathematical concept originating from the totality by means of physical and mathematical transcendentalism (the counterpart of philosophical transcendentalism). Classical and quantum information, particularly by their units, bit and qubit, correspond and unify the finite and infinite. As classical information is relevant to finite series and sets, as quantum information, to infinite ones. A fundamental joint relativity of the finite and infinite, of the external and internal is to be investigated. The corresponding invariance is able to define physical action and its quantity only on the basis of information and especially: on the relativity of classical and quantum information. The concept of transcendental time, an epoché in relation to the direction of time arrow can be defined. Its correlate is that information invariant to the finite and infinite, therefore unifying both classical and quantum information.

Both classical & quantum information: both bit & qubit. Both physical & transcendental time

Information can be considered as the most fundamental, philosophical,physical and mathematical concept originating from the totality by means of physicaland mathematical transcendentalism (the counterpart of philosophicaltranscendentalism). Classical and quantum information, particularly by their units, bitand qubit, correspond and unify the finite and infinite. As classical information isrelevant to finite series and sets, as quantum information, to infinite ones. Afundamental joint relativity of the finite and infinite, of the external and internal is tobe investigated. The corresponding invariance is able to define physical action and itsquantity only on the basis of information and especially: on the relativity of classicaland quantum information. The concept of transcendental time, an epoché in relation tothe direction of time arrow can be defined. Its correlate is that information invariant tothe finite and infinite, therefore unifying both classical and quantum information.

Quantifying the potential and flux landscapes for nonequilibrium multiverse, a new scenario for time arrow

We propose a new scenario of nonequilibirum multiverse. We quantified the potential landscape and the flux landscape for the multiverse. The potential landscape quantifies the weight of each universe. When the terminal vacuum with zero (flat) or negative cosmological constant (AdS) have a chance to tunnel back to the normal universes with positive cosmological constant (dS) through the bounce suggested by the recent studies, the detailed balance of the populations of the multiverse can be broken. We found that the degree of the detailed balance breaking can be quantified by the underlying average flux and associated flux landscape, which gives arise to the dynamical origin of irreversibility and the time arrow of the multiverse. We also showed that the steady state of the multiverse is maintained by the thermodynamic cost quantified by the entropy production rate which is associated to the flux. This gives arise to thermodynamic origin of time irreversibility. On the other hand, we show that the evolution dynamics of the multiverse is determined by both the potential landscape and flux landscape. While the potential landscape determines the weight of the universes in the multiverse and attracts the multiverse to the steady state basins, the flux landscape provides the cycles or loops associating certain universes together. We show that terminal vacuum universes can have dominant weights or lowest potentials giving arise to a funnel shaped potential landscape, while terminal vacuum universes together with other normal universes including ours can form dominant cycles giving arise to a funnel shaped cycle flux landscape. This indicates that even our universe may not be distinct from others based on the probability measure, it may lie in the dominant cycle(s), leading to higher chance of being found. This may provide an additional way beyond the anthropic principle for identifying our universe.

A critical review on heat and mass transfer modelling of viral infection and virion evolution: The case of SARS-COV2

Is it possible to characterize the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection by analyzing the viral hijacking of cellular metabolism for its reproduction and multiplication? Gibbs free energy appears to be the critical factor of successful virus infection. A virus always has a more negative Gibbs free energy of growth than its host. Hence, the synthesis of viral components is thermodynamically favourable. On the other side, it could be essential to better thermodynamically understand how S1 and S2 spike protein interacts with the ACE2 receptors and the cell membrane more efficiently than the usual nutrients, which are intercepted. Gibbs energy gives a static model, which does not include the time arrow of viral evolution. A better comprehension of this evolutional path could require an accurate analysis of entropy generation or exergy disruption of binding, replication, and multiplication.

Two deductions: (1) from the totality to quantum information conservation; (2) from the latter to dark matter and dark energy

The paper discusses the origin of dark matter and dark energy from the concepts of time and the totality in the final analysis. Though both, and especially the latter, seem to be rather philosophical, nonetheless they are postulated axiomatically and interpreted physically, and the corresponding philosophical transcendentalism serves heuristically. The exposition of the article means to outline the “forest for the trees”, however, in an absolutely rigorous mathematical way, which to be explicated in detail in a future paper. The “two deductions” are two successive stage of a single conclusion mentioned above. The concept of “transcendental invariance” meaning ontologically and physically interpreting the mathematical equivalence of the axiom of choice and the well-ordering “theorem” is utilized again. Then, time arrow is a corollary from that transcendental invariance, and in turn, it implies quantum information conservation as the Noether correlate of the linear “increase of time” after time arrow. Quantum information conservation implies a few fundamental corollaries such as the “conservation of energy conservation” in quantum mechanics from reasons quite different from those in classical mechanics and physics as well as the “absence of hidden variables” (versus Einstein’s conjecture) in it. However, the paper is concentrated only into the inference of another corollary from quantum information conservation, namely, dark matter and dark energy being due to entanglement, and thus and in the final analysis, to the conservation of quantum information, however observed experimentally only on the “cognitive screen” of “Mach’s principle” in Einstein’s general relativity therefore excluding any other source of gravitational field than mass and gravity. Then, if quantum information by itself would generate a certain nonzero gravitational field, it will be depicted on the same screen as certain masses and energies distributed in space-time, and most presumably, observable as those dark energy and dark matter predominating in the universe as about 96% of its energy and matter quite unexpectedly for physics and the scientific worldview nowadays. Besides on the cognitive screen of general relativity, entanglement is available necessarily on still one “cognitive screen” (namely, that of quantum mechanics), being furthermore “flat”. Most probably, that projection is confinement, a mysterious and ad hoc added interaction along with the fundamental tree ones of the Standard model being even inconsistent to them conceptually, as far as it need differ the local space from the global space being definable only as a relation between them (similar to entanglement). So, entanglement is able to link the gravity of general relativity to the confinement of the Standard model as its projections of the “cognitive screens” of those two fundamental physical theories.

Bridging Macro and Micro Cosmos by a New Sight on “Photon Aging” – A Simple Approach for Explaining Diracs Large Numbers

The energy loss of photons due to the cosmological red shift is interpreted, here, as a periodical process of transferring electromagnetic field energy into the space. The transferred energy portions are independent on photon energy if this transfer occurs with their frequency. The amounts of periodically released energy are so small that the related ultra-long wave length photons have to be understood as perfectly delocalized. Thus, the described point of view bridges the quantum micro cosmos with the macro cosmos. It is proposed to regard this energy exchange as a typical property of universal time arrow and to interpret the “large numbers”, in particular the dimensionless reciprocal of product of Hubbles constant and Planck time as the fundamental parameter describing cosmic evolution.

A solution of the time paradox of physics

Quantum mechanics for describing the behavior of microscopic entities and thermodynamics for describing macroscopic systems exhibit separate time concepts. Whereas many theories of modern physics interpret processes as reversible, in thermodynamics, an expression for irreversibility and the so-called time arrow has been developed: the increase of entropy. The divergence between complete reversibility on the one hand and irreversibility on the other is called the paradox of time. Since more than hundred years many efforts have been devoted to unify the time concepts. So far, the efforts were not successful. In this paper a solution is proposed on the basis of matter-energy equivalence with an energetic distinction between matter and mass. By refraining from interpretations predominant in modern theoretical physics, the first and second laws of thermodynamics can be extended to fundamental laws of nature, which are also valid at quantum level.

Can Quantum Measurements Control Temperature?

Henry is trapped in a burning building because of Eve’s mischief. Henry’s entanglement with the hot environment is ominous: his states receive excessive energy from the environment, threatening his physiology. Can quantum effects rescue Henry from the fire? Unexpectedly, Eve comes to his rescue. She frequently measures his energy in a “quantum non-demolition” (QND) fashion which is expected to keep his state intact. Surprisingly, Henry grows hotter or colder depending on Eve’s measurement rate! These quantum effects seem to violate the laws of thermodynamics. Engraved in stone as these laws and the ensuing time directionality (time arrow) may be, they fail if the system is examined too frequently, whence time arrow loses its meaning. One may speculate over the role of such anomalies in the Big Bang. These anomalies support Parmenides’ view that time flow is determined by the observer’s choices. The appendix to this chapter elaborates on the dynamics induced by system–environment interaction changes.

On temporal and spatialconceptualization in typologically distant languages

The article «On Temporaland Spatial Conceptualization in Typologically Distant Languages» continues the series on working by Olena Taukchi. It explores the process of the world conceptualization and internal reflective experience in English, Ukrainian and Russian; analyzes the dependence of conceptualization on various factors: society`s ethno-consciousness, culture and subculture, as well as individual consciousness. Time is a phenomenon that is directly related to people, seemingly understandable, but in fact, controversial and difficult to explicate. Can you describe time? And if so, what does it look like interms of modern linguistics? Our vision of time implies a perspective that cannot be set in objectivity. For example, if time goes horizontally or vertically; if the time arrow directed forward or backward, right or left, up or down; if time is going past us, or are we moving through it? We do not associate those aspects with our knowledge of the objective world, but, be that as it may, we learn about it through language, most of tenth rough spatial metaphors. Observations of this kind enable us to say that linguistic data can be used as a key to understanding and interpreting any culturally significant aspects of objective reality. From our perspective, it is linguistic analysis of lexical units denoting time that appropriately complements the over all picture of research. In the minds of people speaking various languages, time has a single model and is described in the same terms.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics in the Context of Contemporary Physical Research

The second law results in the growth of the entropy – in superficial interpretation this principle presumes that the sufficient energy inevitably turns into the substandard energy. Order turns into chaos over time; however, chaos also turns into order under certain circumstances. The first research objective is to establish the possible prescientific ideas about the phenomenon – some philosophical intuitions that have preceded the scientific discovery of the second law and have conformed to it in a certain sense. It is essential because there are always certain bonds and continuity in the history of philosophy and science – the correct interpretation of the phenomenon becomes difficult, if not impossible, without the establishment of such bonds.Moreover, the main task is to understand what the second law is and which significance its principal corollaries have. We need to give the second law a correct interpretation that will allow making assumptions about its connection with time in the context of the initial state problem and about the possible new ways of modern physics development – in particular, the creation of the quantum theory of gravity. Two solutions to the entropy and initial state connection problem are proposed in the context of the time arrow discussion (G. Calender’s approach to solving the problem is disputed).