Comparison of Independence of Triceps Brachii and Biceps Brachii Between Paretic and Non-paretic Side During Different MVCs—A Case Study

Abstract The coracobrachialis muscle (CBM) originates from the apex of the coracoid process, in common with the short head of the biceps brachii muscle, and from the intermuscular septum. Both the proximal and distal attachment of the CBM, as well as its relationship with the musculocutaneus nerve demonstrate morphological variability, some of which can lead to many diseases. The present case study presents a new description of a complex origin type (four-headed CBM), as well as the fusion of both the short biceps brachii head, brachialis muscle and medial head of the triceps brachii. In addition, the first and second heads formed a tunnel for the musculocutaneus and median nerves. This case report has clear clinical value due to the split mature of the coracoid process, and is a significant indicator of the development of interest in this overlooked muscle.

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Muscle Fatigue When Riding a Motorcycle: A Case Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18157738 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 7738

Author(s):

Priscila Torrado ◽

Michel Marina ◽

Stéphane Baudry ◽

Martín Ríos

Keyword(s):

Biceps Brachii ◽

Training Session ◽

Posterior Part ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Triceps Brachii ◽

Forearm Muscles ◽

Force Increase ◽

Flexor Digitorum ◽

Semg Signals

This case study was conducted to assess muscle pattern, as measured by surface electromyography (sEMG), and its changes during a controlled superbike closed-road track training session. The sEMG signals were recorded unilaterally from biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), anterior and posterior part of the deltoid (DA and DP respectively), flexor digitorum superficialis (FS), extensor carpi radialis (CR), extensor digitorum communis (ED) and pectoralis major (PM) during three rounds of 30 min. sEMG signals selected for analysis came from the beginning of the braking action to the way-out of the curves of interest. Considering the laps and rounds as a whole and focusing on the forearm muscles, ED was more systematically (84%) assigned to a state of fatigue than FS (44%) and CR (39%). On the opposite, the TB and DP muscles showed a predominant state of force increase (72%). Whereas the BB showed alternatively a state of fatigue or force increase depending on the side of the curve, when taking into account only the sharpest curves, it showed a predominant state of force increase. In conclusion, the fact that forearm muscles must endure a long-lasting maintenance of considerable activity levels explains why they easily got into a state of fatigue. Moreover, TB and DA are particularly relevant when cornering.

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Electrical activity and relative length changes of dog limb muscles as a function of speed and gait

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.94.1.15 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 15-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. E. Goslow ◽

H. J. Seeherman ◽

C. R. Taylor ◽

M. N. McCutchin ◽

N. C. Heglund

Keyword(s):

Electrical Activity ◽

Stance Phase ◽

Biceps Brachii ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Activity Patterns ◽

Relative Length ◽

Muscular Activity ◽

Triceps Brachii ◽

Limb Muscles ◽

Length Changes

Electrical activity and length changes of 11 muscles of the fore- and hind- limbs of dogs walking, running, and galloping on a treadmill, were measured as a function of forward speed and gait. Our purpose was to find out whether the activity patterns of the major limb muscles were consistent with the two mechanisms proposed for storage and recovery of energy within a stride: a ‘pendulum-like’ mechanism during a walk, and a ‘spring-like’ mechanism during a run. In the stance phase of the walking dog, we found that the supraspinatus, long head of the triceps brachii, biceps brachii, vastus lateralis, and gastrocnemius underwent only minor length changes during a relatively long portion of their activity, Thus, a major part of their activity during the walk seems consistent with a role in stabilization of the joints as the dog ‘pole-vaulted’ over its limbs (and thereby conserved energy). In the stance phase of trotting and/or galloping dogs, we found that the supraspinatus, lateral head of the triceps, vastus lateralis, and gastrocnemius were active while being stretched prior to shortening (as would be required for elastic storage of energy), and that this type of activity increased with increasing speed. We also found muscular activity in the select limb flexors that was consistent with storage of kinetic energy at the end of the swing phase and recovery during the propulsive stroke. This activity pattern was apparent in the latissimus dorsi during a walk and trot, and in the biceps femoris during a trot and gallop. We conclude that, during locomotion, a significant fraction of the electrical activity of a number of limbs muscles occurs while they undergo little or no length change or are being stretched prior to shortening and that these types of activities occur in a manner that would enable the operation of pendulum-like and spring-like mechanisms for conserving energy within a stride. Therefore these forms of muscular activity, in addition to the more familiar activity associated with muscle shortening, should be considered to be important during locomotion.

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The Effects of Bench Press Variations in Competitive Athletes on Muscle Activity and Performance

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.1515/hukin-2017-0047 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 61-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Atle Hole Saeterbakken ◽

Dag-André Mo ◽

Suzanne Scott ◽

Vidar Andersen

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activity ◽

Latissimus Dorsi ◽

Bench Press ◽

Biceps Brachii ◽

High Load ◽

Emg Activity ◽

International Level ◽

Triceps Brachii ◽

Competitive Athletes ◽

And Performance

AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the EMG activity performing 6RM competition style bench press (flat bench-wide grip) with 1) medium and narrow grip widths on a flat bench and 1) inclined and declined bench positions with a wide grip. Twelve bench press athletes competing at national and international level participated in the study. EMG activity was measured in the pectoralis major, anterior and posterior deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii and latissimus dorsi. Non-significant differences in activation were observed between the three bench positions with the exception of 58.5-62.6% lower triceps brachii activation, but 48.3-68.7% greater biceps brachii activation in the inclined bench compared with the flat and declined bench position. Comparing the three grip widths, non-significant differences in activations were observed, with the exception of 25.9-30.5% lower EMG activity in the biceps brachii using a narrow grip, compared to the medium and wide grip conditions. The 6-RM loads were 5.8-11.1% greater using a medium and wide grip compared to narrow grip width and 18.5-21.5% lower in the inclined bench position compared with flat and declined. Comparing the EMG activity during the competition bench press style with either the inclined and declined bench position (wide grip) or using a narrow and medium grip (flat bench), only resulted in different EMG activity in the biceps- and triceps brachii. The 6RM loads varied with each bench press variation and we recommend the use of a wide grip on a flat bench during high load hypertrophy training to bench press athletes.

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Mind-Muscle Connection: Verbal Instructions Alter Electromyographic Activity for Elbow Flexors and Extensors During Co-Contraction Training

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/0031512520949089 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 003151252094908

Author(s):

Rafael A. Fujita ◽

Marina M. Villalba ◽

Nilson R. S. Silva ◽

Matheus M. Pacheco ◽

Matheus M. Gomes

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Elbow Joint ◽

Biceps Brachii ◽

Elbow Flexion ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Elbow Extension ◽

Verbal Instruction ◽

Triceps Brachii ◽

Verbal Instructions ◽

Lateral Head

Co-contraction training has demonstrated similar electromyographic (EMG) activity levels compared to conventional strength training. Since verbal instructions can increase EMG activity on target muscles during conventional exercises, the same should occur during co-contraction. In this study we analyzed whether different verbal instructions would alter the EMG activity of target muscles - biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii lateral head (TB) - during co-contraction training for the elbow joint. Seventeen males with experience in strength training performed a co-contraction set in two verbal instruction conditions to emphasize either elbow flexion or elbow extension. Surface electrodes were fixed over biceps brachii and triceps brachii lateral head muscles. We measured EMG mean amplitude and analyzed data with 2-way ANOVA. We found a significant interaction between muscle and verbal instruction ( p = 0.002). Post hoc tests indicated that verbal instructions ( p = 0.001) influenced the BB EMG activity (elbow flexion: M = 68.74, SD = 17.96%; elbow extension: M = 53.47, SD = 16.13%); and also showed difference ( p = 0.006) in the EMG activity between BB and TB with verbal instruction emphasizing the elbow extension (BB: M = 53.47, SD = 16.13%; TB: M = 69.18, SD = 21.79%). There was a difference in the EMG ratio of BB/TB ( p = 0.001) when focusing on elbow flexion ( M = 1.09, SD = 0.30) versus elbow extension ( M = 0.81, SD = 0.25). As verbal instruction modified the magnitude of muscle recruitment during co-contractions for elbow joint muscles, there is a clear mind-muscle connection of importance to this method of training. Also, of importance to trainers, verbal instructions seemed to affect individuals differentially.

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Comparison of High Resolution Gradient Echo, XBONE T1, XBONE T2, Spin Echo T1 and 3D SST1 magnetic resonance imaging sequences for imagining the canine elbow

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.2478/pjvs-2014-0088 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 587-591 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Y. Zhalniarovich ◽

Z. Adamiak ◽

J. Głodek ◽

P. Przyborowska ◽

P. Holak

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Biceps Brachii ◽

Sagittal Plane ◽

Spin Echo ◽

Gradient Echo ◽

Flexor Muscle ◽

Triceps Brachii ◽

Joint Surfaces ◽

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris ◽

Triceps Brachii Muscle

AbstractTwenty canine elbows were examined by low-field MRI. The objective of this study was to compare five magnetic resonance sequences: High Resolution Gradient Echo in the sagittal plane, XBONE T2 in the sagittal plane, Spin Echo T1 in the sagittal plane, Spin Echo T1 in the dorsal plane and 3D SST1 and XBONE T1 in the transverse plane, and to determine which sequences have the highest diagnostic value in imagining the canine elbow. High Resolution Gradient Echo, XBONE T2 and Spin Echo T1 sequences in the sagittal plane proved to be very useful in evaluations of osseous structures such as the medial coronoid process, the anconeal process of the ulna and joint surfaces. The above sequences facilitate evaluations of radial extensor muscle of the wrist, biceps brachii muscle, triceps brachii muscle and the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. 3D SST1 and XBONE T1 sequences in the transverse plane produce high-quality images of the medial humeral condyle and surfaces of the elbow joint. Those sequences are also useful for evaluating the surrounding muscles: extensor digitorum communis muscle, extensor carpi radialis muscle, deltoid muscle, biceps brachii muscle, pronator teres muscle and flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. The Spin Echo T1 sequence in the dorsal plane facilitates assessments of joint surfaces, medial humeral condyle, superficial digital flexor muscle, deep digital flexor muscle, triceps brachii muscle and extensor digitorum lateralis muscle. The Spin Echo T1 sequence in the sagittal plane has a short scan time, but it produces images of lower quality than High Resolution Gradient Echo and XBONE T2 sequences in the sagittal plane.

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Heteronymous reflex connections in human upper limb muscles in response to stretch of forearm muscles

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00084.2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 106 (3) ◽

pp. 1489-1499 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Curtis D. Manning ◽

Parveen Bawa

Keyword(s):

Upper Limb ◽

Biceps Brachii ◽

Monosynaptic Reflex ◽

Electromyographic Activity ◽

Response Patterns ◽

Triceps Brachii ◽

Limb Muscles ◽

Abductor Digiti Minimi ◽

Human Upper Limb ◽

Wrist Flexors

Torque motor produced stretch of upper limb muscles results in two distinct reflex peaks in the electromyographic activity. Whereas the short-latency reflex (SLR) response is mediated largely by the spinal monosynaptic reflex pathway, the longer-latency reflex (LLR) is suggested to involve a transcortical loop. For the SLRs, patterns of heteronymous monosynaptic Ia connections have been well-studied for a large number of muscles in the cat and in humans. For LLRs, information is available for perturbations to proximal joints, although the protocols for most of these studies did not focus on heteronymous connections. The main objective of the present study was to elicit both SLRs and LLRs in wrist flexors and extensors and to examine heteronymous connections from these muscles to elbow flexors (biceps brachii; BiBr) and extensors (triceps brachii; TriBr) and to selected distal muscles, including abductor pollicis longus (APL), first dorsal interosseous (FDI), abductor digiti minimi (ADM), and Thenars. The stretch of wrist flexors produced SLR and LLR peaks in APL, FDI, ADM, Thenars, and BiBr while simultaneously inducing inhibition of wrist extensors and TriBr. When wrist extensors were stretched, SLR and LLR peaks were observed in TriBr, whereas the primary wrist flexors, APL and BiBr, were inhibited; response patterns of FDI, ADM, and Thenars were less consistent. The main conclusions from the observed data are that: 1) as in the cat, afferents from wrist flexors and extensors make heteronymous connections with proximal and distal upper limb muscles; and 2) the strength of heteronymous connections is greater for LLRs than SLRs in the distal muscles, whereas the opposite is true for the proximal muscles. In the majority of observations, SLR and LLR excitatory peaks were observed together. However, on occasion, LLRs were observed without the SLR response in hand muscles when wrist extensors were stretched.

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Effect of altered carrying angle on the medial-to-lateral activation ratio in the biceps brachii and triceps brachii

Journal of Physical Therapy Science ◽

10.1589/jpts.30.958 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (8) ◽

pp. 958-959

Author(s):

Ga-hee Kim ◽

A-young Lee ◽

So-young Park ◽

Yun-jung Heo ◽

Bo-ram Choi

Keyword(s):

Biceps Brachii ◽

Triceps Brachii ◽

Activation Ratio ◽

Carrying Angle

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The Role of Motor Learning on Measures of Physical Requirements and Motor Variability During Repetitive Screwing

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16071231 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 1231 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tessy Luger ◽

Robert Seibt ◽

Monika Rieger ◽

Benjamin Steinhilber

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activation ◽

Biceps Brachii ◽

Extensor Digitorum ◽

Body Parts ◽

Triceps Brachii ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Motor Variability ◽

Physical Requirement ◽

Flexor Carpi Radialis ◽

Arm Muscles

We investigated whether physical requirements and motor variability decreased over days in novices during a repetitive screwing task. Fifty-seven subjects performed one hour of repetitive screwing and fastening on three days, separated by 2–7 days. The average physical requirement and relative cycle-to-cycle variability (coefficient of variation, i.e., CV) were calculated from continuous recordings of electromyography of four arm muscles (biceps brachii, triceps brachii, flexor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum), forearm acceleration, and electrocardiography. Muscle activity levels, heart rate, and forearm acceleration decreased from day 1 to day 2 (range: ~4% to ~20%) and/or 3 (range: ~4% to ~28%). Not all muscles showed a similar pattern. Activity of the extensor digitorum and biceps brachii decreased already between days 1 and 2 (range: ~6% to ~13%), whereas activity of the flexor carpi radialis and triceps brachii decreased between days 1 and 3 (range: ~13% to ~20%). No changes in physical requirement were detected between days 2 and 3. Relative motor variability did not change across days, except that variability of forearm acceleration increased from day 1 to 3 (~5%). This study found consistent changes in physical requirements and indicated that several arm muscles show earlier decreases of muscular activity, like the extensor digitorum, compared to other body parts, like the flexor carpi radialis. Moreover, movement strategies may develop differently than muscle activation strategies, based on the different developments of physical requirements and motor variability. The development of physical requirements in industrial tasks is part of daily living and starts at task onset, highlighting the importance of task familiarization and the randomization of experimental conditions in scientific studies.

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A validated approach for collecting fine-wire electromyographic recordings in four canine shoulder muscles during highly dynamic tasks

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep150009 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 65-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K.L. Cullen ◽

J.P. Dickey ◽

S.H.M. Brown ◽

S.G. Nykamp ◽

L.R. Bent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Biceps Brachii ◽

Electrode Placement ◽

Electromyographic Activity ◽

Anatomical Landmarks ◽

Triceps Brachii ◽

Performance Tasks ◽

Fine Wire ◽

Shoulder Muscles

This study investigated the feasibility of obtaining ultrasound-guided intramuscular fine-wire electromyographic (fEMG) recordings from four canine shoulder muscles during highly dynamic activities. Four cadaveric canines were utilised to confirm the appropriate anatomical landmarks and the use of real time ultrasound guidance for electrode placement for four shoulder muscles: Biceps Brachii (BB), Supraspinatus (SP), Infraspinatus (IF), and Triceps Brachii – Long Head (TBLH). Electromyographic activity of the left BB, S P, IF, and TBLH was then recorded in two research dogs while walking and trotting to refine the data collection procedures. Finally, the full experimental protocol was piloted with two client-owned, specially-trained agility dogs, confirming the feasibility of collecting fEMG recordings while performing dynamic, highly-specific agility-related tasks and verifying our EMG amplitude normalisation protocol to enable comparisons across muscles and performance tasks. We present specific guidelines regarding the placement of fEMG electrodes and data collection/normalisation procedures to enable investigations of muscle activation during dynamic activities.

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