scholarly journals Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and the Myth of the Irrational Female

2020 ◽  
pp. 287-302
Author(s):  
Sally King
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Premenstrual Symptoms ◽  
Rigorous Approach

Abstract King’s chapter begins by describing the historical context of ‘premenstrual’ symptoms, which were first formally described in 1931. She then questions the prioritization of mood-based symptoms in the diagnostic criteria for Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS). King argues that population studies suggest that mood-based symptoms are not the most common nor most disruptive of menstrual changes. She then proposes that the trend of ‘psychologizing’ premenstrual symptoms is influenced by the sexist historical assumption of ‘the myth of the irrational female’—the idea that women, due to their reproductive biology, are pathologically emotional and thus have a reduced capacity for reason. The author concludes by calling for a more integrated and rigorous approach to PMS definitions and research to support people who experience cyclical symptoms, without unintentionally pathologizing the menstrual cycle or stigmatizing an entire gender.

Prevalência da Síndrome Pré-menstrual e seus Principais Sintomas Observados em Acadêmicas do Curso de Medicina de uma Faculdade do Sul de Minas Gerais/Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome and its Main Symptoms Observed in Students of a Medical School Cours

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-59
Author(s):  
Miguel da Silva Diniz ◽  
Andreza Cristina Souza Lima ◽  
Hildebrando Pereira ◽  
Gislene Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Premenstrual Symptoms ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
De Medicina

Objetivos: Avaliar a presença da síndrome pré-menstrual (SPM) e sua intensidade, bem como os principais sintomas relacionados em acadêmicas do curso de medicina da Faculdade de Medicina de Itajubá. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizado um inquérito com mulheres que ingressaram no curso entre os anos de 2005 a 2011, através de um questionário em que as acadêmicas eram classificadas de acordo com a intensidade dos sintomas de SPM e agrupadas em um tipo de sintoma principal. Resultados e Discussão: A ocorrência da SPM foi observada em 100% das acadêmicas entrevistadas em todos os anos, independentemente da série, ou seja, todas as acadêmicas apresentaram algum sintoma, mesmo que leve, da SPM.  No entanto, o 2° ano letivo foi o que teve a maior média de sintomas (média de 41,7 pontos) da SPM, e o 6°, a menor (média de 36,1). Quanto às características de sintomas das acadêmicas, as manifestações mais citadas foram a irritabilidade e compulsividade. Conclusão: A alta prevalência da SPM foi observada em todos os anos entrevistados, indo de encontro com a literatura, que indica a presença da síndrome em mulheres de todo o mundo, tornando necessária a existência de estudos que facilitem o diagnostico precoce com seu respectivo tratamento mais adequado, reduzindo seus efeitos no cotidiano das mulheres.   Palavras-chave: Síndrome pré-menstrual, ciclo menstrual, sintomas pré-menstruais. ABSTRACTObjectives: To evaluate the presence of Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and its intensity, as well as major academic-related symptoms in the course of medicine at Medical College of Itajubá. Materials and Methods: A survey was conducted with women who entered the course between the years 2005 to 2011, through a questionnaire the students were classified according to the intensity of the symptoms of PMS and grouped into one type of symptom page. Results and Discussion: The occurrence of PMS was observed in 100% of academic respondents in every year, regardless of the series, all academic exhibited some symptoms, even mild PMS. However, the 2nd year was academic year that had the highest average number of symptoms (mean 41,7 points) of PMS, and the sixth year, the lowest (average 36,1). Regarding the characteristics of academic symptoms, the most mentioned manifestations were the irritability and compulsiveness. Conclusion: A high prevalence of PMS was observed in all the years surveyed, in agreement with the literature, which indicates the presence of the syndrome in women worldwide, showing the need of studies that facilitate early diagnosis with their respective more appropriate treatment, reducing its effects on the daily lives of women. Keywords: Premenstrual syndrome, menstrual cycle, premenstrual symptoms. 

scholarly journals A study of impact of stress: examinations on menstrual cycle among medical students

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anant Kumar Rathi ◽  
Megha Agrawal ◽  
Girish Chandra Baniya
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Premenstrual Symptom ◽  
Premenstrual Symptoms ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Exam Stress ◽  
Moderate Stress

Background: Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), a common problem among adolescent girls, is associated with various physical, mental and behavioral symptoms that lead to social and occupational impairment. Stress has also been hypothesized to be an important etiologic factor. Examination stress may also be responsible for affecting the premenstrual symptoms. The objectives of this study was to study the impact of exam stress on the menstrual cycle and the relationship of perceived stress with the severity of premenstrual symptoms. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted among female medical students of final MBBS, who were candidate of upcoming exams. They were assessed on semi structured socio-demographic and menstrual history proforma, ACOG guidelines, DSM-5 criteria, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool (PSST).Results: As per ACOG guidelines, 66% participants had PMS and 6% participants had PMDD according to DSM-5 criteria. On PSST total 88% participants had premenstrual symptoms and out of them 58% had mild/no PMS while 30% had moderate to severe PMS. 5% participants also fulfilled criteria for PMDD on PSST. Stress was found to be mild in 26% and moderate in 74% participants on PSS. PMS was found in 93.75% participants who had painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea) and this association was statistically significant. Data wise 73.1% participants having mild stress had PMS, while 93.2% participants having moderate stress, had PMS and this association was found to be statistically significant.  Surprisingly not a single participant consulted to any health care provider for their menstruation related problems.Conclusions: Premenstrual Syndrome is common in adolescent girls and exam stress is an important etiological factor. PMS/PMDD was found significantly higher in participants who had dysmenorrhea and moderate stress. A positive and highly significant correlation was also found between the severity of stress and severity of premenstrual symptoms.

Premenstrual Symptoms in Self-Referrals to a Suicide Prevention Service

1971 ◽  
Vol 119 (552) ◽  
pp. 525-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Wetzel ◽  
James N. McClure ◽  
Theodore Reich
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Premenstrual Symptoms ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Premenstrual Tension ◽  
Prevention Service ◽  
The Relationship

Two studies have been made of the relationship between premenstrual tension and phase of the menstrual cycle at the time of suicide attempt. Tonks et al. (1968) reported a negative relationship. Women without premenstrual symptoms accounted for the premenstrual increase in suicide attempts. Zacco et al. (1960) reported a significant positive relationship, women with the premenstrual syndrome being more likely to attempt premenstrually.

The Association of Menstrual Migraine with the Premenstrual Syndrome

Cephalalgia ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 422-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Facchinetti ◽  
I Neri ◽  
E Martignoni ◽  
L Fioroni ◽  
G Nappi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Migraine Without Aura ◽  
Menstrual Migraine ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Menstrual Distress

To investigate the comorbidity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and menstrual migraine, the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) was prospectively administered for two consecutive menstrual cycles to 22 patients with menstrual migraine, 12 cases with migraine without aura and 15 patients with PMS. MDQ scores varied throughout the menstrual cycle in each patient group, the wider changes being shown by patients with PMS. Fourteen menstrual migraine patients and 4 migraine without aura patients achieved diagnostic criteria for PMS over two menstrual cycles. In these patients MDQ scores did not differ from PMS sufferers at any stage of the menstrual cycle. The premenstrual increase of each cluster of PMS symptoms was identical in menstrual migraine and PMS subjects with the exception of negative affect. We suggest that PMS symptoms should be taken into account in the IHS diagnostic criteria for menstrual migraine.

Spontaneous anovulation causing disappearance of cyclical symptoms in women with the premenstrual syndrome

1991 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Hammarbäk ◽  
Ulla-Britt Ekholm ◽  
Torbjörn Bäckström
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Premenstrual Symptoms ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Plasma Estradiol ◽  
Symptom Ratings

Abstract. In the premenstrual syndrome the negative symptoms appear during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Ovulation and the formation of a corpus luteum seem to be of great importance in precipitating the syndrome. In a large group of women with premenstrual syndrome investigated daily with symptom ratings and weekly plasma estradiol and progesterone assays, 8 were found to have one ovulatory and one spontaneously occurring anovulatory menstrual cycle. In both these cycles, the post- and premenstrual phases were compared by testing for recurrence of symptoms. All patients showed a highly significant cyclical worsening of negative premenstrual symptoms during the ovulatory cycles, whereas in the anovulatory cycles the cyclical symptoms disappeared, resulting in relief of the premenstrual syndrome. These results support earlier hypotheses, suggesting that the premenstrual syndrome appears as a result of provoking factors produced by the corpus luteum. This view is in line with earlier therapeutic findings showing that induced anovulation can relieve the premenstrual syndrome.

Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle

Cephalalgia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
S D Silberstein ◽  
G R Merriam
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Menstrual Migraine ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Receptor Density ◽  
Cns Neurons

The normal female life cycle is associated with a number of hormonal milestones: menarche, pregnancy, contraceptive use, menopause, and the use of replacement sex hormones. All these events and interventions alter the levels and cycling of sex hormones and may cause a change in the prevalence or intensity of headache. The menstrual cycle is the result of a carefully orchestrated sequence of interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, and endometrium, with the sex hormones acting as modulators and effectors at each level. Oestrogen and progestins have potent effects on central serotonergic and opioid neurons, modulating both neuronal activity and receptor density. The primary trigger of menstrual migraine appears to be the withdrawal of oestrogen rather than the maintenance of sustained high or low oestrogen levels. However, changes in the sustained oestrogen levels with pregnancy (increased) and menopause (decreased) appear to affect headaches. Headaches that occur with premenstrual syndrome appear to be centrally generated, involving the inherent rhythm of CNS neurons, including perhaps the serotonergic pain-modulating systems.

Drugs for the premenstrual syndrome

1965 ◽  
Vol 3 (20) ◽  
pp. 77-79
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Menstrual Flow ◽  
Separate Condition

The premenstrual syndrome includes a variety of symptoms, which regularly recur at the same phase of each menstrual cycle, commonly during the premenstruum and early during menstruation.1 2 The onset of full menstrual flow usually brings complete and dramatic relief. Irritability, tension, depression, lethargy, careless behaviour, and feeling bloated are common. Other symptoms occur less often, for example headache, migraine, backache and other muscle and joint pains, asthma, rhinitis, urticaria, and epilepsy.1 The symptoms may continue cyclically after the menopause. Dysmenorrhoea is not associated with the premenstrual syndrome: it appears to be a quite separate condition.

Trends in Research Related to Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: a Bibliometric Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingzhou Gao ◽  
Hui SUN ◽  
Changlong ZHANG ◽  
Dongmei GAO ◽  
Mingqi QIAO
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Publication Number ◽  
Research Hotspots

Abstract Background The global incidence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is increasing, with increasing suicide reports. However, the bibliometric analysis of global research on PMS and PMDD is rare. We aimed to evaluate the global scientific output of research on PMS and PMDD and to explore their research hotspots and frontiers from 1945 to 2018 using a bibliometric analysis methodology.Methods Articles with research on PMS and PMDD between 1945 and 2018 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). We used the bibliometric method, CiteSpace V and VOSviewer to analyze publication years, journals, countries, institutions, authors, research hotspots, and trends. We plotted the reference co-citation network, and we used keywords to analyze the research hot spots and trends.Results We identified 2,833 publications on PMS and PMDD research from 1945 to 2018, and the annual publication number increased with time, with fluctuations. Psychoneuroendocrinology published the highest number of articles. The United States ranked the highest among the countries with the most publications, and the leading institute was UNIV PENN. Keyword and reference analysis indicated that the menstrual cycle, depression and ovarian hormones were the research hotspots, whereas prevalence, systematic review, anxiety and depression and young women were the research frontiers.Conclusions We depicted overall research on PMS and PMDD by a bibliometric analysis methodology. Prevalence and impact in young women , systematic review evaluations of risk factors, and the association of anxiety and depression with menstrual cycle phases are the latest research frontiers that will pioneer the direction of research in the next few years.

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