Evaluation of Water Quality Index to Assess the Impact of River Pollution on Vembanad Lake—A Ramsar Site

Groundwater quality and availability are essential for human consumption and social and economic activities in arid and semiarid regions. Many developing countries use wastewater for irrigation, which has in most cases led to groundwater pollution. The Mezquital Valley, a semiarid region in central Mexico, is the largest agricultural irrigation region in the world, and it has relied on wastewater from Mexico City for over 100 years. Limited research has been conducted on the impact of irrigation practices on groundwater quality on the Mezquital Valley. In this study, 31 drinking water wells were sampled. Groundwater quality was determined using the water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes. The hydrogeochemical process and the spatial variability of groundwater quality were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering multivariate geostatistical tools. This study highlights the value of combining various approaches, such as multivariate geostatistical methods and WQI, for the identification of hydrogeochemical processes in the evolution of groundwater in a wastewater irrigated region. The PCA results revealed that salinization and pollution (wastewater irrigation and fertilizers) followed by geogenic sources (dissolution of carbonates) have a significant effect on groundwater quality. Groundwater quality evolution was grouped into cluster 1 and cluster 2, which were classified as unsuitable (low quality) and suitable (acceptable quality) for drinking purposes, respectively. Cluster 1 is located in wastewater irrigated zones, urban areas, and the surroundings of the Tula River. Cluster 2 locations are found in recharge zones, rural settlements, and seasonal agricultural fields. The results of this study strongly suggest that water management strategies that include a groundwater monitoring plan, as well as research-based wastewater irrigation regulations, in the Mezquital Valley are warranted.

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Water Quality Index (WQI) Approach to Evaluate the Water Quality of Certain Tank Waters of Tiptur Taluk in Tumkur District, Karnataka, India

Current World Environment ◽

10.12944/cwe.10.1.22 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 189-198

Author(s):

A Shivanna ◽

G Nagendrappa

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Poor Quality ◽

The Public ◽

Run Off ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Investigation Period ◽

The Impact

Evaluation of water quality using different parameters is complex and not easy to understand as it is variable by variable discussion. Water quality index is a single value indicator used to evaluate and present the water quality to the public and the related management in precise and understandable manner. Measured values of eleven physico-chemical parameters namely, pH, TDS, TH, Cl-,NO3-,SO42-,HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ were used to calculate WQI of six tanks in Tiptur taluk. The study was taken up to understand the impact of agriculture run off from the respective catchment area, domestic sewage input and human activities which contribute to pollution load. During the investigation period from December-2010 to November-2012, it was found that the overall water quality index of the studied tanks ranged from 46.72 to 92.22 indicating the quality ranging from good quality to very poor quality. Values of variables TDS, HCO3-, Na+ and K+exceeded their desirable limits of BIS/ICMR in Karadi, Halkurke and Honnavalli tanks which depend on rain water. Waters in these tanks were of moderately poor to very poor quality. Waters of Canal fed tanks were of good to moderately poor quality.

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Water quality index analysis for portable and bottled waters

Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology—AQUA ◽

10.2166/aqua.2020.004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. 453-468

Author(s):

Abdelkader T. Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Supply ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Tap Water ◽

Research Work ◽

Experimental Program ◽

Long Run ◽

The Impact

Abstract This research work aimed to investigate the degree of quality of tap and bottled waters available in Al-Madinah city through an experimental program comprising chemical, physical and biological tests. The study included examining the quality of the water supply network components such as taps, underground storage tanks and feeding pipes of the network. Filtration influence on the tap water was investigated by testing different water samples before and after the filtration process at different locations. The experiments also examined various bottled water brands sold in Al-Madinah. In addition, the impact of using the dispenser on the water quality of large bottled waters was studied. The water quality of two types of waters was compared by estimating water quality index (WQI). Results of this study revealed that the overall quality of the tap water is within standard values; however, deterioration occurs for the water through its journey in the water supply system. Results revealed that hardness and fluoride concentrations in bottled waters exhibited high values close to or more than allowable values of the standards. Furthermore, results confirmed that using the filter and dispenser decreased the water quality degree in the long run. Bottled waters showed a higher grade of WQI than tap water.

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Suitability Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose by Physicochemical Characterization and Water Quality Index from Haveli Region, India

10.21523/gcj3.18020201 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 83-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Smitarani Lad ◽

Swati Mukherjee ◽

Bhavana Umrikar

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Groundwater Quality ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Physicochemical Characterization ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Prime Concern ◽

The Impact ◽

Drinking Purpose

The emulsification of major constituents in groundwater is accentuated to highlight the impact that is anticipated to be the prime concern due to depleting quality of this resource used for drinking purpose. In view of this, 53 groundwater samples of dug wells taping basaltic water table aquifer located in Haveli taluka adjoining Pune city of Maharashtra, India were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions to evaluate the suitability using water quality index (WQI). The parameters such as pH, Total Hardness (TH), Sodium (Na) and Sulphate (SO4) were assigned with weight 5 and the weight 1 considered as lowest level was assigned to Calcium (Ca++), Magnesium (Mg++), Potassium (K+), Carbonate (CO3--), Bicarbonate (HCO3-) and Phosphate (PO4) and observations were made to know the groundwater quality of the study area. Using these values, the WQI was calculated that revealed according to BIS standards 57% of samples falls in good category, and 43% samples in poor category, while according to WHO standards 38%, 57%, 6% were representing excellent, good and poor category, respectively.

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The impact of Land use Change on Water Pollution Index of Kali Madiun Sub-watershed

Forum Geografi ◽

10.23917/forgeo.v31i1.2686 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 128-137

Author(s):

Pranatasari Dyah Susanti ◽

Arina Miardini

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Land Use ◽

Land Use Change ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Pollution Index ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Quality Analysis ◽

Water Quality Parameter ◽

The Impact

Land use change is one of the effects of population growth and increased human activities. Land use change that overlooked the rule of ecosystem sustainability has a propensity to adversely affect the environment, including the decline of water quality. Kali Madiun is a sub-watershed of Bengawan Solo Watershed that allegedly endured the impacts of land use change. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of land use change on the water quality index of Kali Madiun Sub-watershed. Land use change analysis was done by overlay analysis of spatial data including the maps of land use in 2010 and 2015. Samples were the surface water in the upper, middle and lower part of Kali Madiun Sub-Watershed. Water quality analysis was carried out by comparing the results of water quality parameter assessment based on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001, while water quality index was figured out by an assessment based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 115 of 2003. The results indicated that during the five years observation, there were land use changes in the upper, middle and lower part of Kali Madiun Sub-watershed. Several parameters increased in 2010 to 2015, namely: TDS, BOD, COD, nitrate, detergents, oils and greases. Pollution index shifted from slightly polluted in 2010 into moderately polluted in 2015. We propose a strategy to solve these problems by the involvement of stakeholders and the participation of local community in managing both domestic and industrial wastes. Also, it should be supported by palpable regulations related to land conversion. Furthermore, it is expected that the effort will reduce the potential of pollution and improve the water quality.

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How Polluting Industries React to Ambient Water Quality: Seven River Basins in China

Water ◽

10.3390/w13091232 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1232

Author(s):

Sheng-Rui Zou ◽

Si-Xuan Du ◽

Min Song ◽

Ming-Xian Li

Keyword(s):

Water Pollution ◽

Water Quality ◽

River Basin ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Yellow River ◽

River Basins ◽

Ambient Water ◽

Regulatory Constraints ◽

The Impact

Water pollution in China has expanded from regions to river basins. It is of great significance to study the behaviors of regulated subjects from the perspective of river basins for protecting the water environment and improving the effectiveness of environmental regulations. This paper constructed a basin spatial regression design to discuss the governance effect and economic effect of water pollution from industry in relation to the central environmental protection goal of China, as well as the response and strategy of local government. Considering the validity of the data, the annual average chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of each monitoring station was adopted as the ambient water quality index, and there was direct evidence that the ambient water quality index influenced water-polluting industries. We found that, if the downstream COD concentration in the last year rose by 1 mg/L, the water-polluting industries reduced their pollution and output value by 1.9% and 0.2%, respectively. After using the upstream COD concentration as the tool variable, the result was still robust. However, the results of local government’s two strategies, which we can call regulatory constraint force and fiscal incentive force, were opposites. Specifically, the governance effect of polluting industries under regulatory constraints was more significant, while fiscal incentives encourage water-polluting industries to create more value. In addition, we estimated the impact of ambient water quality on water-polluting industries in the Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin, and revealed that the governance effect exceeded the average value of seven river basins. After further distinguishing the relative upstream cities and relative downstream cities, the results show that the response of relative upstream cities to water quality was significantly higher, and the gap between regions expanded further after 2013.

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Assessment study of water quality index (WQI) for Shatt Al-arab River and its branches, Iraq

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201816205005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 162 ◽

pp. 05005 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ahmed Hamdan ◽

Ammar Dawood ◽

Douaa Naeem

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Large Scale ◽

Industrial Effluent ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

River Pollution ◽

Sewage Water ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Pollution Level

Shatt Al-Arab River (in Basrah province South of Iraq) is approximately 192 km long. It plays a key role in providing water for domestic purposes, irrigation, manufacturing, in addition to shipment. Recently the river suffers from increasing pollution, due to wastes from industries, domestic sewage and agricultural activities that find their way into water sources and result in large scale deterioration of water quality. Investigating the river size and significance, becomes necessary to perform a study to understand the water quality of this river that is considered by some experts as one of the most contaminated in Iraq. This work uses the Water Quality Index (WQI) to describe the pollution level of the river and by using Geographic Information System (GIS) to create WQI map. This study also determines the critical pollutants affecting the river water quality throughout its course. WQI has been formulated making use of several water quality parameters such as pH, temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand（BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand（COD）, Nitrate (NO3-2), Phosphate (PO4-3), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Turbidity (Tur), and Electrical Conductivity (E.C) which were measured at 37 sites along the river. Bad water quality was observed at the sites of the river branches, near the center of Basrah governorate. Furthermore, it was discovered that the main reason for river pollution was due to the high sewage water discharged into the river, especially river branches and illegal discharges of industrial effluent and sewage.

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Impact of Mass Bathing and Religious Activities on Water Quality Index of Prominent Water Bodies: A Multilocation Study in Haryana, India

International Journal of Ecology ◽

10.1155/2016/2915905 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Anita Bhatnagar ◽

Pooja Devi ◽

M. P. George

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Total Alkalinity ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Religious Activities ◽

Water Quality Status ◽

The Impact ◽

Quality Status

The present study was designed to assess the impact of mass bathing and religious activities on water quality index (WQI) of prominent water bodies (eight) in Haryana, India. Water quality characteristics revealed significant increase in the values of nitrate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, total hardness, total alkalinity, and MPN count after the religious activities. The computed WQI at all the eight selected sites varied from 47.55 to 211.42. The results revealed that there was a significant increase in the value of WQI after mass bathing or any other ritual performed. Out of eight water bodies studied three (sites 3, 4, and 5) were found under good water quality status; four sites (1, 2, 6, and 7) depicted medium water quality but site 8 was found under poor water quality after the religious activities. The good water quality status of water bodies was correlated with larger size of the water bodies and less number of pilgrims; however, the poor WQI values may be attributed to smaller size of the water body and heavy load of pilgrims on such sites. Therefore, water of these religious water bodies needed to be regularly changed after mass bathing to protect the aquatic component from different contaminations.

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EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION WATER Quality INDEX (IWQI) FOR MAIN IRAQI RIVERS (TIGRIS, EUPHRATES, ShATT AL-ARAB AND DIYALA)

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v48i4.358 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Saloom & Oleiwi

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Quality Data ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

The Impact ◽

Quality Of Irrigation Water ◽

Irrigation Water Quality Index

As a result of different quality standards for irrigation water and the varying ion composition, and the fact that classification of irrigation water consists of large and complex data, this study was conducted in order to find a way for combining the complex water quality data into a single value, a quality of irrigation water index (IWQI) which reflects the suitability of the water quality for irrigation. Irrigation water quality variables were divided into five groups according to Food and Agriculture Organization FAO guide. The order of the parameters were, Salinity expressed in electrical conductivity (EC), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Toxicity of specific ions (boron, chloride, sodium, Toxic trace elements and Miscellaneous effects on sensitive crops (nitrates and bicarbonates and pH). Linear equations of each variable and the formulation of mathematical equations had been done to convert the actual concentration values in the classification adopted to estimate the values of the indicators (sub-indices) and then converting the actual values and different units for each variable to the estimated values under the general scheme consists of grades between (0 -100). For the purpose of calculating irrigation water quality index, a software was originated entitled IWQI program was applied to the data of the irrigation water samples for eighteen (18) locations of water sampling in the rivers: Tigris, Euphrates, Diyala and Shatt al-Arab. Results showed that the values of irrigation water quality index for the period March to December 2015 of the Tigris River were highest than the values of Euphrates River at all locations from the north to the south as it was estimated 94.38 and 88.6 in Muthana bridge site (Tigris) and sader Al- Yusufiya (Euphrates), respectively in Baghdad and reached 74.55 and 67.78 in Qurna (Tigris) and Qurna (Euphrates), respectively. Irrigation water quality index of Shatt al-Arab was at the site of Altnoma 39.78 and classified as almost unsuitable. In Diyala River, it has been observed that the impact of Rustumiya weste water station in reducing the quality of irrigation water quality index was relatively low and water in the two sites (before and after Rustumiya station) are classified as moderately suitable.

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Forestry Water Quality Index – A planning tool for the assessment and communication of the impacts of forestry activities on water quality

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc83207-2 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 207-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Annette Tobin ◽

Amir Ali Khan ◽

Haseen Khan ◽

Len Moores ◽

Jim Taylor

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Newfoundland And Labrador ◽

Quality Index ◽

Sustainable Forest Management ◽

Quality Data ◽

Water Quality Data ◽

Forestry Management ◽

The Impact ◽

Water Uses

The assessment of the impacts of forestry activities on water quality is a critical component of forestry management and planning, especially when watersheds are being used for different water uses by different stakeholders. Traditional methodologies for assessing these impacts, while accurate, often do not take into account the intended use of water. Water quality data are inherently technical and are not conducive to communication to all stakeholders—especially the public. There is a need for a communications-based assessment tool that assesses the impact of forestry activities on water quality from the perspective of different water uses. This paper describes the development and application of such a tool, the Forestry Water Quality Index (FWQI). The FWQI has been developed specifically to capture, evaluate and communicate the impact of forestry activities on water quality to multiple stakeholders. Initially based on the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment's Water Quality Index, the FWQI was specifically adapted for applications in forestry management. Details of this adaptation and its methodology are outlined. Case studies from Newfoundland and Labrador illustrate the use of the FWQI for communication, performance evaluation, and planning and technical data analysis. The FWQI tool has the ability to compare pre- and post-forestry water quality data (communication), determine the effectiveness of best management practices (performance evaluation), predict water quality after forestry activities (planning) and evaluate seasonal variations in water quality (data analysis). These components provide useful information for the evaluation of the effects of forestry activities on water quality and to ensure sustainable forest management. It can be utilized by both forestry and water resources management to ensure sustainable development of the forestry sector. Key words: FWQI, sustainable forest management, water quality, Newfoundland and Labrador

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