A Review Paper on Comparison, Analysis, and Planning of Electricity Generation in Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Mexico with India

2021 ◽  
pp. 785-792
Author(s):  
Rahat Ullah Khan ◽  
Saksham Yadav ◽  
Rajat Srivastava ◽  
Shubhendra Dubey ◽  
Shobhit Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Comparison Analysis

scholarly journals Optimization of a Grid-Connected Microgrid Using Tidal and Wind Energy in Cook Strait

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 426
Author(s):  
Navid Majdi Nasab ◽  
Md Rabiul Islam ◽  
Kashem Muttaqi ◽  
Danny Sutanto
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Tidal Power ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Tidal Turbines ◽  
Cook Strait ◽  
Strong Winds

The Cook Strait in New Zealand is an ideal location for wind and tidal renewable sources of energy due to its strong winds and tidal currents. The integration of both technologies can help to avoid the detrimental effects of fossil fuels and to reduce the cost of electricity. Although tidal renewable sources have not been used for electricity generation in New Zealand, a recent investigation, using the MetOcean model, has identified Terawhiti in Cook Strait as a superior location for generating tidal power. This paper investigates three different configurations of wind, tidal, and wind plus tidal sources to evaluate tidal potential. Several simulations have been conducted to design a DC-linked microgrid for electricity generation in Cook Strait using HOMER Pro, RETScreen, and WRPLOT software. The results show that Terawhiti, in Cook Strait, is suitable for an offshore wind farm to supply electricity to the grid, considering the higher renewable fraction and the lower net present cost in comparison with those using only tidal turbines or using both wind and tidal turbines.

The New Zealand Energy Scene Now and Post-Maui

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
M. Lear
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Liquid Fuel ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Demand Forecasts

Supply and demand forecasts to 2020 published by the Ministry of Commerce highlight the significance of the depletion of the Maui gas and condensate field for the New Zealand energy scene. Maui currently produces around 34% of our primary energy and 45% of our transport fuels, including fuel from the synthetic fuels plant. The depletion of Maui around 2010 is expected to reduce our liquid fuel self-sufficiency and reduce the availability of gas for electricity generation and petrochemicals. The Ministry's forecasts conclude this will result in price rises for gas and electricity, and increased use of coal, geothermal, hydro, wind and other renewables for generation. The depletion of the Maui field highlights the importance of developing an attractive petroleum royalty regime to encourage further exploration of New Zealand's petroleum resources.

scholarly journals Case Study of a Hybrid Wind and Tidal Turbines System with a Microgrid for Power Supply to a Remote Off-Grid Community in New Zealand

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3636
Author(s):  
Navid Majdi Nasab ◽  
Jeff Kilby ◽  
Leila Bakhtiaryfard
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Tidal Energy ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Tidal Turbines ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
The Cost

This paper evaluates the feasibility of using a hybrid system consisting of wind and tidal turbines connected to a microgrid for power supply to coastal communities that are isolated from a main supply grid. The case study is Stewart Island, where the cost of electricity, provided by a central diesel power station, is higher than the grid network in New Zealand. Local residents believe that reducing the consumption of diesel and having a renewable source of electricity generation are two of the island’s highest priorities. Merging a tidal energy source (predictable) with wind (unpredictable) and diesel (back-up), through a microgrid, may be a way to increase reliability and decrease the cost of generation. Several off-grid configurations are simulated using HOMER and WRPLOT software. Using two wind and four tidal turbines, plus one diesel generator for back-up, is the best design in terms of lower greenhouse gas emissions, higher renewable fraction, and reduced net present cost.

scholarly journals The Market for Electric Vehicles in New Zealand: Using stated choice methods to evaluate the implications for electricity demand and carbon emissions to 2030

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Douglas George Clover
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Purchase Price ◽  
Stated Choice ◽  
Generation Capacity ◽  
Stock Model

<p>Anthropogenic global climate change caused by the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the combustion of fossil fuels is one of the greatest environmental threats faced by society. Electric vehicles (EVs), which use lithium-ion battery technology, have been proposed as a means of reducing GHG emissions produced by light passenger vehicles (LPVs). The ability of this vehicle technology to assist in reducing GHG emissions will depend on the market uptake and the effect that a growing EV fleet has on the GHG emissions produced by the electricity sector.   This thesis is the first use of stated choice methods in New Zealand to develop a vehicle demand model that takes detailed account of car buyers’ preferences for EV purchase price, driving range, performance, fuel and battery costs, and charging network availability.  A nationwide stated choice survey of New Zealand car buyers was undertaken in 2010 (n=281). The data from the survey was used to estimate a mixed multinomial logit discrete choice model, which was linked to a vehicle stock model of the New Zealand LPV fleet developed for this research. These two models were then used to simulate the New Zealand vehicle stock and energy demand, and the LPV fleet’s GHG emissions over a twenty year period.  The Electricity Commission’s mixed integer programming ‘generation expansion model’ (GEM) was used to take account of the additional GHG emissions produced by the electricity sector in response to meeting the electricity demand estimates from the vehicle stock model.  The results of this study indicate that, assuming the current state of EV technology and only modest reductions in EV prices over the modelling period, there would be sufficient demand for EVs to reduce, by 2030, the annual GHG emissions produced by the LPV fleet to approximately 80% of levels emitted in 2010. Changes in technology or vehicle design that reduce the cost of batteries and the purchase price of EVs would have the greatest impact in increasing the demand for these vehicles, and would further reduce the GHG emissions produced by the LPV fleet.  The electricity sector modelling indicates that less than 730 MW of additional generation capacity will be required to be built if network operators can prevent EVs from charging during periods of peak demand, but without this capability, up to 4,400 MW of additional generation capacity could be required. The modelling also indicates that a policy environment where the use of coal-fuelled electricity generation is permitted and the price of carbon limited to $25 per tonne, the increased electricity sector GHG emissions that would result offset 88% of the cumulative GHG emission reductions achieved by the introduction of EVs into the LPV fleet. A policy raising the price of carbon to $100 per tonne would reduce the offsetting effect to 30%.  EVs are an emerging technology with considerable potential for further development. The results of this study indicate that even at current prices and levels of technological performance, EVs have the capacity to make a significant contribution to New Zealand’s efforts to reduce GHG emissions. However, the ability to realise this potential is dependent on vehicle manufacturers’ willingness to produce EVs in sufficient quantities and models so that they can fully compete in the market with internal combustion engine vehicles; and on policies that discourage the future use of coal-fuelled electricity generation.</p>

scholarly journals Pumped Hydroelectricity and Utility-Scale Batteries for Reserve Electricity Generation in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gareth Kear
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Power Demand ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Utility Scale ◽  
High Storage ◽  
Very High

<p>Non-pumped hydroelectricity-based energy storage in New Zealand has only limited potential to expand to meet projected growth in electricity demand. Seasonal variations of hydro inflows have also led to several 'dry-year' events over the last decade and dedicated fast-start 'peaker' capacity may also be required to support wind power as it approaches a 20% generation share. In this research, the New Zealand electricity industry has been surveyed in regard to the feasibility of reducing CO2-e emissions through the introduction of pumped hydroelectricity and utility-scale batteries by 2025. A desk-based review of the economic costs of these technologies has also been performed and their drivers and barriers critically assessed. Most respondents to the survey projected that peak power demand will continue to increase and this will result in new-build centralised (~150 MW) thermal reserve power sources. In New Zealand, the costs of pumped hydro and batteries are seen to be prohibitive to their introduction, even though they are almost universally assumed to be technically capable of providing renewables support and peak power adequacy. The perception of the poor economic viability of pumped hydro may, in part, be due to the relatively high capital cost estimate associated with the Manorburn-Onslow proposal (~NZ$3 billion). This research has shown, however, that smaller, 'more-internationally-representative' pumped hydro schemes, if available in NZ with low associated environmental impact, are cost-competitive with thermal peakers, especially diesel peakers. Conversely, utility-scale batteries have very high storage costs per kWh and are most likely to be used only for very high value applications where there is a strong technical advantage, such as the six-second fast instantaneous reserve.</p>

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