On the interaction between the central nervous system and the peripheral motor system

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. M. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Motor

Studies in Embryonic and Larval Development in Amphibia

Development ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-145
Author(s):  
Arthur Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
Basal Plate ◽  
Nerve Process ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic And Larval Development ◽  
Developing Nervous System

In 1913 G. E. Coghill initiated a series of papers on the neuro-embryology of the Urodele Ambystoma with a description of the earliest stages of the motor system of the trunk (Coghill, 1913). His main conclusion is stated early in the paper in these words: The neurones … which establish the earliest contact with the cells of the myotome are found in Amblystoma to be at the same time the neurones of the motor tract in the central nervous system. The primary ventral root fibre is a collateral of the tract cell. (Coghill, 1913, p. 121.) Thirteen years later, among a group of other papers on the developing nervous system of Ambystoma, he returned to this theme, and in a series of examples described the form of the first nerve process within the basal plate of the cord.

scholarly journals Not moving: the fundamental but neglected motor function

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1718) ◽  
pp. 20160190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Noorani ◽  
R. H. S. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
General Behaviour ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The function of the motor system in preventing rather than initiating movement is often overlooked. Not only are its highest levels predominantly, and tonically, inhibitory, but in general behaviour it is often intermittent, characterized by relatively short periods of activity separated by longer periods of stillness: for most of the time we are not moving, but stationary. Furthermore, these periods of immobility are not a matter of inhibition and relaxation, but require us to expend almost as much energy as when we move, and they make just as many demands on the central nervous system in controlling their performance. The mechanisms that stop movement and maintain immobility have been a greatly neglected area of the study of the brain. This paper introduces the topics to be examined in this special issue of Philosophical Transactions , discussing the various types of stopping and stillness, the problems that they impose on the motor system, the kinds of neural mechanism that underlie them and how they can go wrong. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness’.

The Dysarthrias of Shy-Drager Syndrome

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Linebough
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Degenerative Disease ◽  
Cerebellar Dysfunction ◽  
Motor Speech ◽  
System Involvement ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Shy-Drager syndrome is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that may include among its signs some form of dysarthria. Of 80 patients with Shy-Drager syndrome, 35 presented some form of dysarthria. Of these, 15 presented dysarthria indicative of cerebellar dysfunction, 11 with dysarthria indicating involvement of the striatum, and nine with various mixed dysarthrias indicative of multiple motor system involvement. The results of this study reaffirm the value of assessing motor speech in the differential diagnosis of neuromotor impairments and emphasize the importance of maintaining effective modes of communication for patients having progressive disorders.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

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