Somatic instability of carotenoid biosynthesis in the tomato ghost mutant and its effect on plastid development

Planta ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 171 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Scolnik ◽  
P. Hinton ◽  
I. M. Greenblatt ◽  
G. Giuliano ◽  
M. R. Delanoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Somatic Instability

scholarly journals Microscopic Analyses of Fruit Cell Plastid Development in Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) during Fruit Ripening

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengjun Lu ◽  
Ruqian Wang ◽  
Changqing Zhu ◽  
Xiumin Fu ◽  
Shasha Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Eriobotrya Japonica ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Carotenoid Accumulation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Stages

Plastids are sites for carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation, but detailed information on fruit plastid development and its relation to carotenoid accumulation remains largely unclear. Here, using Baisha (BS; white-fleshed) and Luoyangqing (LYQ; red-fleshed) loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), a detailed microscopic analysis of plastid development during fruit ripening was carried out. In peel cells, chloroplasts turned into smaller chromoplasts in both cultivars, and the quantity of plastids in LYQ increased by one-half during fruit ripening. The average number of chromoplasts per peel cell in fully ripe fruit was similar between the two cultivars, but LYQ peel cell plastids were 20% larger and had a higher colour density, associated with the presence of larger plastoglobules. In flesh cells, chromoplasts could be observed only in LYQ during the middle and late stages of ripening, and the quantity on a per-cell basis was higher than that in peel cells, but the size of chromoplasts was smaller. It was concluded that chromoplasts are derived from the direct conversion of chloroplasts to chromoplasts in the peel, and from de novo differentiation of proplastids into chromoplasts in flesh. The relationship between plastid development and carotenoid accumulation is discussed.

Chemical Regulation of Plastid Development. I. Inhibition of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Detached Pumpkin Cotyledons by CPTA. A Pigment and Ultrastructual Study

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Simpson ◽  
CO Chichester ◽  
TH Lee
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Trimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Plastid Ultrastructure ◽  
Chlorophyll Accumulation

The effects of 2-(4-chlorophenylthio)ethyldiethylammonium chloride (CPTA) on chlorophyll accumulation, carotenoid biosynthesis and plastid ultrastructure were examined in expanding excised pumpkin cotyledons. CPTA in the dark caused an increased synthesis of non-photoconvertible protochlorophyll but had no effect on the ultrastructure of the starch-containing plastids. In the light, CPTA was a powerful inhibitor of chlorophyll synthesis in greening cotyledons, especially at high light intensity, and induced the accumulation of lycopene. When applied to the greened cotyledons, CPTA caused the transformation of the chloroplasts to chromoplast-like organelles containing osmiophilic globules and lycopene crystalloids. Two other structurally similar compounds,diethyl[4-{3'-(4"-methylphenyl)-3-oxoprop-2' -enyl}phenoxyethyl]ammonium chloride (SK&F 13831) and (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat), also caused lycopene accumulation and inhibited chlorophyll synthesis. It is possible that CPTA can induce the formation of chromoplasts from proplastids and chloroplasts in tissue that does not normally contain such organelles.

scholarly journals A cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid regulates etioplast and chloroplast development

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher I Cazzonelli ◽  
Xin Hou ◽  
Yagiz Alagoz ◽  
John Rivers ◽  
Namraj Dhami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Prolamellar Body ◽  
Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase ◽  
Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Protein Levels

Carotenoids are a core plastid component and yet their regulatory function during plastid biogenesis remains enigmatic. A unique carotenoid biosynthesis mutant, carotenoid chloroplast regulation 2 (ccr2), that has no prolamellar body (PLB) and normal PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE (POR) levels, was used to demonstrate a regulatory function for carotenoids and their derivatives under varied dark-light regimes. A forward genetics approach revealed how an epistatic interaction between a ζ-carotene isomerase mutant (ziso-155) and ccr2 blocked the biosynthesis of specific cis-carotenes and restored PLB formation in etioplasts. We attributed this to a novel apocarotenoid retrograde signal, as chemical inhibition of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase activity restored PLB formation in ccr2 etioplasts during skotomorphogenesis. The apocarotenoid acted in parallel to the repressor of photomorphogenesis, DEETIOLATED1 (DET1), to transcriptionally regulate PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE (POR), PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR3 (PIF3) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5). The unknown apocarotenoid signal restored POR protein levels and PLB formation in det1, thereby controlling plastid development.

scholarly journals A Foliar Pigment-Based Bioassay for Interrogating Chloroplast Signalling Reveals that Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Requires Carotenoid Isomerisation.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namraj Dhami ◽  
Barry J Pogson ◽  
David T Tissue ◽  
Christopher I Cazzonelli
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Chloroplast Biogenesis ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Environmental Chemical ◽  
Chemical Genetic ◽  
Genetic Perturbations ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Long Photoperiod

Abstract Background: Plastid-derived metabolites can signal control over nuclear gene expression, chloroplast biogenesis, and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Norflurazon (NFZ) inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis in seedlings can elicit a protoporphyrin retrograde signal that controls chlorophyll and chloroplast biogenesis. Recent evidence reveals that plastid development can be regulated by carotenoid cleavage products called apocarotenoids. The key steps in carotenoid biosynthesis and catabolism that generate apocarotenoid signalling metabolites in foliar tissues remains to be elucidated. Here, we established an Arabidopsis foliar pigment-based bioassay using detached rosettes to differentiate plastid signalling processes in young expanding leaves containing dividing cells with active chloroplast biogenesis, from fully expanded leaves containing mature chloroplasts. Results: We demonstrate that environmental (extended darkness and cold exposure) as well as chemical (norflurazon; NFZ) inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis can reduce chlorophyll levels in young, but not older leaves following a 24 h of rosette treatment. Mutants that disrupted xanthophyll accumulation, phytohormone biosynthesis (abscisic acid and strigolactone), or enzymatic carotenoid cleavage, did not alter chlorophyll levels in young or old leaves. Perturbations in acyclic cis-carotene biosynthesis revealed that disruption of CAROTENOID ISOMERASE (CRTISO), but not ZETA-CAROTENE ISOMERASE (Z-ISO) activity, reduced chlorophyll levels in young but not older leaves of plants growing under a long photoperiod. NFZ-induced inhibition of PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) activity triggered phytoene accumulation more so in younger relative to older leaves from both WT and the crtiso mutant, indicating a continued substrate supply from the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway for carotenogenesis. NFZ treatment of WT and crtiso mutant rosettes reveal similar, additive, and opposite effects on individual pigment accumulation.Conclusion: The Arabidopsis foliar pigment-based bioassay was used to differentiate signalling events elicited by environmental, chemical, genetic, and combinations thereof, that control chlorophyll biosynthesis. Genetic perturbations that impaired xanthophyll biosynthesis and/or carotenoid catabolism did not affect chlorophyll biosynthesis. The lack of CAROTENOID ISOMERISATION generated a signal that rate-limited chlorophyll accumulation, but not phytoene biosynthesis in young Arabidopsis leaves exposed to a long photoperiod. Findings generated using this new foliar pigment bioassay implicate that carotenoid isomerisation and NFZ elicit different signalling pathways to control chlorophyll homeostasis in young emerging leaves.

scholarly journals A cis-carotene derived apocarotenoid regulates etioplast and chloroplast development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher I Cazzonelli ◽  
Xin Hou ◽  
Yagiz Alagoz ◽  
John Rivers ◽  
Namraj Dhami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Prolamellar Body ◽  
Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase ◽  
Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
Protein Levels

ABSTRACTCarotenoids are core plastid components, yet a regulatory function during plastid biogenesis remains enigmatic. A unique carotenoid biosynthesis mutant, carotenoid chloroplast regulation 2 (ccr2), that has no prolamellar body (PLB) and normal PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE (POR) levels, was used to demonstrate a regulatory function for carotenoids under varied dark-light regimes. A forward genetics approach revealed how an epistatic interaction between a (-carotene isomerase mutant (ziso-155) and ccr2 blocked the biosynthesis of specific cis-carotenes and restored PLB formation in etioplasts. We attributed this to a novel apocarotenoid signal, as chemical inhibition of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase activity restored PLB formation in ccr2 etioplasts during skotomorphogenesis. The apocarotenoid acted in parallel to the transcriptional repressor of photomorphogenesis, DEETIOLATED1 (DET1), to post-transcriptionally regulate PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE (POR), PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR3 (PIF3) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) protein levels. The apocarotenoid signal and det1 complemented each other to restore POR levels and PLB formation, thereby controlling plastid development.One-sentence summaryCarotenoids are not just required as core components for plastid biogenesis, they can be cleaved into an apocarotenoid signal that regulates etioplast and chloroplast development during extended periods of darkness.

scholarly journals Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Plastid Development in Plants: The Role of Light

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1184
Author(s):  
Rocio Quian-Ulloa ◽  
Claudia Stange
Keyword(s):  
Light Quality ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Carotenoid Synthesis ◽  
Role Of Light ◽  
Synthesis Regulation ◽  
Effect Of Light

Light is an important cue that stimulates both plastid development and biosynthesis of carotenoids in plants. During photomorphogenesis or de-etiolation, photoreceptors are activated and molecular factors for carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis are induced thereof. In fruits, light is absorbed by chloroplasts in the early stages of ripening, which allows a gradual synthesis of carotenoids in the peel and pulp with the onset of chromoplasts’ development. In roots, only a fraction of light reaches this tissue, which is not required for carotenoid synthesis, but it is essential for root development. When exposed to light, roots start greening due to chloroplast development. However, the colored taproot of carrot grown underground presents a high carotenoid accumulation together with chromoplast development, similar to citrus fruits during ripening. Interestingly, total carotenoid levels decrease in carrots roots when illuminated and develop chloroplasts, similar to normal roots exposed to light. The recent findings of the effect of light quality upon the induction of molecular factors involved in carotenoid synthesis in leaves, fruit, and roots are discussed, aiming to propose consensus mechanisms in order to contribute to the understanding of carotenoid synthesis regulation by light in plants.

Three-dimensional distribution of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygemase during the early development of proplastids in dark-grown Euglena cells transferred to an inorganic medium

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 906-907
Author(s):  
Tomoko Ehara ◽  
Shuji Sumida ◽  
Tetsuaki Osafune ◽  
Eiji Hase
Keyword(s):  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase ◽  
Inorganic Medium ◽  
Ribulose 1 ◽  
Dimensional Distribution

As shown previously, Euglena cells grown in Hutner’s medium in the dark without agitation accumulate wax as well as paramylum, and contain proplastids showing no internal structure except for a single prothylakoid existing close to the envelope. When the cells are transferred to an inorganic medium containing ammonium salt and the cell suspension is aerated in the dark, the wax was oxidatively metabolized, providing carbon materials and energy 23 for some dark processes of plastid development. Under these conditions, pyrenoid-like structures (called “pro-pyrenoids”) are formed at the sites adjacent to the prolamel larbodies (PLB) localized in the peripheral region of the proplastid. The single prothylakoid becomes paired with a newly formed prothylakoid, and a part of the paired prothylakoids is extended, with foldings, in to the “propyrenoid”. In this study, we observed a concentration of RuBisCO in the “propyrenoid” of Euglena gracilis strain Z using immunoelectron microscopy.

Plastid development in germinating wheat (Triticum aestivum) is enhanced by gibberellic acid and delayed by gabaculine

1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhaila Younis ◽  
Margareta Ryberg ◽  
Christer Sundqvist
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Plastid Development

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of carotenoid biosynthesis reveal the basis of white petal color in Brassica napus

Planta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 253 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ledong Jia ◽  
Junsheng Wang ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Mouzheng Duan ◽  
Cailin Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Carotenoid Metabolism ◽  
Rapeseed Cultivar

Abstract Main conclusion The molecular mechanism underlying white petal color in Brassica napus was revealed by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Abstract Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, but the mechanisms underlying flower color in this crop are known less. Here, we performed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the yellow-flowered rapeseed cultivar ‘Zhongshuang 11’ (ZS11) and the white-flowered inbred line ‘White Petal’ (WP). The total carotenoid contents were 1.778-fold and 1.969-fold higher in ZS11 vs. WP petals at stages S2 and S4, respectively. Our findings suggest that white petal color in WP flowers is primarily due to decreased lutein and zeaxanthin contents. Transcriptome analysis revealed 10,116 differentially expressed genes with a fourfold or greater change in expression (P-value less than 0.001) in WP vs. ZS11 petals, including 1,209 genes that were differentially expressed at four different stages and 20 genes in the carotenoid metabolism pathway. BnNCED4b, encoding a protein involved in carotenoid degradation, was expressed at abnormally high levels in WP petals, suggesting it might play a key role in white petal formation. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the transcriptome data. The results of this study provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in rapeseed petals, and the candidate genes identified in this study provide a resource for the creation of new B. napus germplasms with different petal colors.

scholarly journals Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Photosynthetic Bacteria

1989 ◽  
Vol 264 (22) ◽  
pp. 13109-13113
Author(s):  
G E Bartley ◽  
P A Scolnik
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Bacteria ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis
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