Randomness and the frequency definition of probability

Synthese ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-233
Author(s):  
F. C. Benenson
Keyword(s):  
Definition Of ◽  
Frequency Definition

PROBABILITY, RARITY, INTEREST, AND SURPRISE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-670
Author(s):  
Warren Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Rare Event ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Frequency Definition

THE unusual is often interesting. Moreover, the frequency definition of probability, which is the one consciously or tacitly used in all applications to experience, makes it clear that an improbable event means precisely a rare event. Hence, an improbable event is often interesting. But is an improbable event always interesting? We shall see that is is not. If an event actually occurs, and if its probability, as reckoned before its occurrence, is very small, is the fact of its occurrence surprising? The answer is that it may be, or it may not be. Suppose one shuffles a pack of cards and deals off a single bridge hand of thirteen cards. The probability, as reckoned before the event, that this hand contain any thirteen specified cards is 1 divided by 635,013,559,600. Thus the probability of any one specified set of thirteen cards is, anyone would agree, very small. When one hand of thirteen cards is dealt in this way there are, of course, precisely 635,013,559,600 different hands that can appear. All these billions of hands are, furthermore, equally likely to occur; and one of them is absolutely certain to occur every time a hand is so dealt. Thus, although any one particular hand is an improbable event, and so a rare event, no one particular hand has any right to be called a surprising event. Any hand that occurs is simply one out of a number of exactly equally likely events, some one of which was bound to happen. There is no basis for being surprised at the one that did happen, for it was precisely as likely (or as unlikely, if you will) to have happened as any other particular one.

The Role of Definitions in Physical Science, with Remarks on the Frequency Definition of Probability

1942 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 224-232
Author(s):  
Henry Margenau
Keyword(s):  
Physical Science ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Frequency Definition

Application of a frequency definition of ventricular proarrhythmia

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Morganroth ◽  
Michael Borland ◽  
George Chao
Keyword(s):  
Definition Of ◽  
Frequency Definition

scholarly journals Natural Vibration Frequency Definition Of Turbine Blades

2020 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
Evgeny Malkin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Vibration ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Repair Process ◽  
Natural Vibration Frequency ◽  
Blade Vibration ◽  
Stress Cycles ◽  
Blade Failure ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Blade Repair ◽  
Frequency Definition

A turbine compressor package is used for pipeline gas transmission. When operating, compressor turbine blades develop vibration, which increases the number of dynamic stress cycles and results in the blade failure. The present study aims to determine the frequency of natural blade vibration and to consider it in the context of the blade repair process. In the first stage of the study, an oscillating contour is developed to generate standing oscillation wave which characteristics are used as experimental data. To process those data, a mathematical model is developed to calculate the blade resonant frequency. Finally, the boundaries of the assured quality area are determined. Blade operation capacity analysis method will allow us to reduce the number of environmentally dangerous experiments.

Introductory paper

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
W. W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Line Intensity ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Dimensional Array ◽  
Rr Lyrae ◽  
Metallic Line ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Parameter Varying ◽  
Definition Of

1. The definition of “normal” stars in spectral classification changes with time; at the time of the publication of theYerkes Spectral Atlasthe term “normal” was applied to stars whose spectra could be fitted smoothly into a two-dimensional array. Thus, at that time, weak-lined spectra (RR Lyrae and HD 140283) would have been considered peculiar. At the present time we would tend to classify such spectra as “normal”—in a more complicated classification scheme which would have a parameter varying with metallic-line intensity within a specific spectral subdivision.

2.2. Working Group 2: Conceptual Definitions of Reference Coordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Working Group ◽  
General Character ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Reference Coordinate System ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Earth Dynamics

An ideal definition of a reference coordinate system should meet the following general requirements:1. It should be as conceptually simple as possible, so its philosophy is well understood by the users.2. It should imply as few physical assumptions as possible. Wherever they are necessary, such assumptions should be of a very general character and, in particular, they should not be dependent upon astronomical and geophysical detailed theories.3. It should suggest a materialization that is dynamically stable and is accessible to observations with the required accuracy.

Symbiotic Stars at Optical, Infrared and Radio Wavelengths

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 125-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Type Star ◽  
Stellar Systems ◽  
Symbiotic Stars ◽  
Lower Excitation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Original Type

No paper of this nature should begin without a definition of symbiotic stars. It was Paul Merrill who, borrowing on his botanical background, coined the termsymbioticto describe apparently single stellar systems which combine the TiO absorption of M giants (temperature regime ≲ 3500 K) with He II emission (temperature regime ≳ 100,000 K). He and Milton Humason had in 1932 first drawn attention to three such stars: AX Per, CI Cyg and RW Hya. At the conclusion of the Mount Wilson Ha emission survey nearly a dozen had been identified, and Z And had become their type star. The numbers slowly grew, as much because the definition widened to include lower-excitation specimens as because new examples of the original type were found. In 1970 Wackerling listed 30; this was the last compendium of symbiotic stars published.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Initial Polymerization Sites Indicated During Mitochondrial Oxidation of Diaminobenzidine after Toluene Treatment

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 408-409
Author(s):  
W. A. Shannon ◽  
M. A. Matlib
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Precise Definition ◽  
Cytochemical Localization ◽  
Oxidative Reaction ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Exogenous Substrates

Numerous studies have dealt with the cytochemical localization of cytochrome oxidase via cytochrome c. More recent studies have dealt with indicating initial foci of this reaction by altering incubation pH (1) or postosmication procedure (2,3). The following study is an attempt to locate such foci by altering membrane permeability. It is thought that such alterations within the limits of maintaining morphological integrity of the membranes will ease the entry of exogenous substrates resulting in a much quicker oxidation and subsequently a more precise definition of the oxidative reaction.The diaminobenzidine (DAB) method of Seligman et al. (4) was used. Minced pieces of rat liver were incubated for 1 hr following toluene treatment (5,6). Experimental variations consisted of incubating fixed or unfixed tissues treated with toluene and unfixed tissues treated with toluene and subsequently fixed.

Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy to Medical Research

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
J. D. Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Prosthetic Heart Valve ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Mechanism Of Failure ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Scanning Electron

When the transmission electron microscope was commercially introduced a few years ago, it was heralded as one of the most significant aids to medical research of the century. It continues to occupy that niche; however, the scanning electron microscope is gaining rapidly in relative importance as it fills the gap between conventional optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.IBM Boulder is conducting three major programs in cooperation with the Colorado School of Medicine. These are the study of the mechanism of failure of the prosthetic heart valve, the study of the ultrastructure of lung tissue, and the definition of the function of the cilia of the ventricular ependyma of the brain.

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