Optical manifestation of adsorbed-solvated layers in low-concentration emulsions of water in crude oil

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-393
Author(s):  
S. L. Oshchepkov ◽  
E. A. Sorokina
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Optical Manifestation

Generation of Ultralow Tensions Over a Wide EACN Range Using Pennsylvania State U. Surfactants

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.E. Klaus ◽  
J.H. Jones ◽  
R. Nagarajan ◽  
T. Ertekin ◽  
Y.M. Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Carbon Number ◽  
Cyclic Ethers ◽  
Equivalent Weight ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Surfactant Solutions ◽  
Wide Range

Klaus, E.E., Pennsylvania State U. Jones, J.H., Pennsylvania State U. Nagarajan, R., Pennsylvania State U. Ertekin, T., SPE. Pennsylvania State U. Chung, Y.M., Pennsylvania State U. Arf, G., Pennsylvania State U. Yarzumbeck, A.J., Pennsylvania State U. Dudenas, P., Pennsylvania State U. Abstract Saturated paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons without aromatics have been vapor-phase oxidized to produce cyclic ethers and lesser amounts of olefins. These cyclic ethers appear to be effective cosurfactants for the preparation of slugs containing petroleum sulfonate surfactants. The cyclic-ether/olefin mixture has been reacted with SO from oleum or liquid SO to form sulfonates comprising a mixture of mono-, di-, and polysulfonates. The reaction products consisting of the sulfonates, unreacted oxidized products, and residual hydrocarbons have been extracted with isopropanol (IPA) to give two sulfonate fractions. The first fraction is predominantly monosulfonate with lesser quantities of disulfonates. The second fraction consists primarily of di-, tri-, and polysulfonates. The monosulfonate fraction in a low-concentration slug exhibits ultralow interfacial tension (IFT) against hydrocarbons of low equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN). The behavior of this fraction is similar to that of the commercial sulfonates in that its ability to generate low IFT is confined to a narrow range of EACN. To achieve low IFT's at higher EACN in the range of a Pennsylvania crude oil, it is necessary to raise the equivalent weight of the Pennsylvania State U. monosulfonate fraction by blending with a commercial sulfonate of higher equivalent weight. Recent studies show that by mixing, the two IPA fractions of the sulfonation products. a remarkably new surfactant behavior is obtained. In contrast to the behavior of other surfactants that yield ultralow tensions over only a narrow range of values of EACN, this mixture of mono- and polysulfonates generates low IFT's over a wide range of EACN extending from C5 to C12. The salt tolerance of monosulfonates and polysulfonates, either alone or in mixtures. is rather high and even at about 4 wt% NaC1, the surfactant solutions remain stable and yield low IFT's against crude oil. Introduction Chemical flooding processes for terliary oil recovery based on both low-concentration surfactant solutions (typically 2 to 3 wt% or less) and high-concentration surfactant solutions (about 10 wt%) are being investigated in a number of laboratory and field studies. In both types of processes, the ability of surfactant solutions to lower the IFT against crude oil is a major factor determining the oil displacement efficiency. A variety of surfactants, primarily sulfonates synthesized from aromatics present in petroleum fractions, have been identified as those possessing the physical and chemical properties required for the flooding process. The surfactant slug formulations typically consist of the sulfonates, electrolytes, and cosurfactants such as alcohols. The slug, when contacted with oil, can generate a microemulsion phase coexisting with oil and water phases. Low IFT's are found to occur at those conditions that favor the formation of the preceding three phases. Several investigations have focused on determining the conditions for the three- phase formation and IFT lowering in terms of the molecular structure and the molecular weight of the surfactant, the characteristics of the oil (namely, its EACN), salinity, surfactant concentration, and the type and amount of cosurfactant, if used. SPEJ P. 73^

A novel mussel-inspired strategy toward superhydrophobic surfaces for self-driven crude oil spill cleanup

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (23) ◽  
pp. 12171-12178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenxing Wang ◽  
Yanchao Xu ◽  
Yuyan Liu ◽  
Lu Shao
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Superhydrophobic Surfaces ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Oil Spill Cleanup ◽  
Crude Oil Spill

A superhydrophobic fabric was first fabricated by a novel mussel-inspired strategy with the aid of folic acid and a low concentration of dopamine without any additional nanoparticle incorporation. A mini boat of this fabric can automatically recycle oil spills while floating freely on water.

Demulsification of Crude Oil Emulsion Using Propylene Oxide-Ethylene Oxide Block Copolymer

2011 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 598-602
Author(s):  
Jian Jun Wang ◽  
Xue Kui Wang ◽  
Zuo Liang Sha
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Low Concentration

The effect of concentration, temperature and pH-value on the demulsification potency of the propylene oxide and ethylene oxide block copolymer initiated from alkylphenol formaldehyde resin in breaking up emulsion from Daqing oilfield have been investigated. The results revealed that demulsification potency of the studied demulsifier increases with the increase of demulsifier at low concentration, the increase of temperature, the increase of acidic pH-value and the increase of demulsification time, respectively. In the meantime, demulsification potency of the studied demulsifier decreases with the increase of demulsifier at high concentration and the increase of basic pH-value, respectively. Neutral pH-value of the emulsion was found to be the optimum value causing maximum demulsification potency.

scholarly journals Toxicity of Naphthenic Acids on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Heterosigma akashiwo

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1582
Author(s):  
Huanxin Zhang ◽  
Yumiao Zhou ◽  
Qiang Kong ◽  
Wenlong Dong ◽  
Zhihao Lin
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Naphthenic Acids ◽  
Heterosigma Akashiwo ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Fluorescence Parameters

Petroleum hydrocarbons can serve as a carbon source for marine phytoplankton; so, marine high-acid crude oil pollution events are likely to result in algal outbreaks or harmful algal blooms (HABs) in surface waters. Naphthenic acids (NAs) are the primary acidic component of crude oil, and red tide is of great concern due to its high diffusivity and strong destructive properties. It is important to study the mechanism of the toxic effect of NAs on the typical red tide algae, Heterosigma akashiwo, for the balance and stability of marine algae. The mechanism of NAs’ damage effect was investigated in terms of the antioxidant enzyme activity, cell number, the chlorophyll positive fluorescence parameters, and the cell morphology of microalgae. Experiments confirmed the hormesis of low-concentration (0.5, 2, and 4 mg/L) NAs on Heterosigma akashiwo, and the indicators of high-concentration (8 and 16 mg/L) NA exposures showed inhibition. In this study, the toxic effect of NAs on the target organism showed a clear concentration–dose relationship. The 16 mg/L NAs stress caused severe damage to the morphology and structure of the target biological cells in a short time (96 h), and the population growth decreased. The target organisms showed a staged oxidative stress response to NAs. The behavior in the low-concentration treatment groups showed toxicant excitatory effects on the photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activity of the target organisms. This study provides theoretical and practical data for the development of an important toxicological model of the toxicant’s excitement effects and antioxidant defense mechanisms. In addition, it provides prospective research data for the prediction and avoidance of ecological risk from NA pollution in marine environments.

Red Sea suffers crude-oil slick

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ola Al-Ghazawy
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Oil Slick
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