Modulation of slow and fast elbow extensor EMG tonic activity by stretch reflexes in man

1987 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bejaoui ◽  
S. Le Bozec ◽  
B. Maton
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Stretch Reflexes ◽  
Elbow Extensor

TONIC ACTIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL CONTROL OF THE POSTURAL MUSCLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 58-72
Author(s):  
B.S. Shenkman ◽  
◽  
T.M. Mirzoev ◽  
I.B. Kozlovskaya ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Postural Muscle ◽  
Continuous Work ◽  
Tonic System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Almost Continuous ◽  
Fundamental Conclusion ◽  
Sensory Mechanisms

The review is an attempt to describe and give a meaning to the accumulated data about the mechanisms controlling the structure and functionality of the postural muscle the almost continuous work of which makes it possible for the humans and animals to exist actively on Earth's surface. A great bulk of these data was obtained, described and systematized by professor I.B. Kozlovskaya and her pupils. A body of the most interesting facts and regularities was documented in other laboratories and research centers, quite often under the influence of ideas suggested by I.B. Kozlovskaya. The concept of the tonic system, that is, an integral physiological apparatus comprising not only slow and fast muscular fibers and small controlling motoneurons but also a complex of the brain (up to and including the striatum and motor cortex) and sensory mechanisms, constitutes the most important parts of her theoretical legacy. The fundamental conclusion of this review is that the gravity-dependent tonic contracting activity of the postural muscle controlled by the nervous system and afferent mechanisms is key to maintaining its structure, signal pathways and mechanic properties crucial for its constant anti-gravity activity.

Immediate diaphragmatic electromyogram responses to imperceptible mechanical loads in conscious humans

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Kobylarz ◽  
J. A. Daubenspeck
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Phasic Activity ◽  
Mechanical Loads ◽  
Oral Airway ◽  
Pattern Regulation ◽  
Adaptive Pattern

We used an esophageal electrode to measure the amplitude and neural inspiratory and expiratory (N TE) timing responses of crural diaphragmatic electrical activity in response to flow-resistive (R) and elastic (E) loads at or below the threshold for conscious detection, applied pseudorandomly to the oral airway of eight normal subjects. We observed a rapid first-breath neural reflex that modified respiratory timing such that N TE lengthened significantly in response to R loads in six of eight subjects and shortened in response to E loading in six of seven subjects. The prolongation of N TE with R loading resulted primarily from lengthening the portion of N TE during which phasic activity in the diaphragm is absent (TE NDIA), whereas E loading shortened N TE mainly by reducing TE NDIA. Most subjects responded to both types of loading by decreasing mean tonic diaphragmatic activity, the average level of muscle activity that exists when no phasic changes are occurring, as well as its variability. The observed timing responses are consistent in direction with optimally adaptive pattern regulation, whereas the modulation of tonic activity may be useful in neural regulation of end-expiratory lung volume.

scholarly journals Spinal stretch reflexes support efficient hand control

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Weiler ◽  
Paul L. Gribble ◽  
J. Andrew Pruszynski
Keyword(s):  
Stretch Reflexes ◽  
Hand Control

Statistical Considerations When Assessing Short Latency Stretch Reflexes in the Human Soleus Muscle

Motor Control ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asger Roer Pedersen ◽  
Peter William Stubbs ◽  
Jørgen Feldbæk Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Stretch Reflex ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Response Magnitude ◽  
Variance Heterogeneity ◽  
Stretch Reflexes ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Normally Distributed

The aim was to investigate trial-by-trial response characteristics in the short-latency stretch reflex (SSR). Fourteen dorsiflexion stretches were applied to the ankle joint with a precontracted soleus muscle on 2 days. The magnitude and variability of trial-by-trial responses of the SSR were assessed. The SSR was log-normally distributed and variance heterogeneous between subjects. For some subjects, the magnitude and variance differed between days and stretches. As velocity increased, variance heterogeneity tended to decrease and response magnitude increased. The current study demonstrates the need to assess trial-by-trial response characteristics and not averaged curves. Moreover, it provides an analysis of SSR characteristics accounting for log-normally distributed and variance heterogeneous trial-by-trial responses.

Effects of reversible blockade of basal ganglia on a voluntary arm movement

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1516-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kato ◽  
M. Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Antagonist Muscles ◽  
Agonist And Antagonist

1. The effects of a reversible blockade of basal ganglia were examined in two monkeys trained to perform a visually guided, step-tracking arm movement around the elbow joint. To block glutamatergic excitation, kynurenate (a glutamate antagonist) was locally injected into the putamen and the external segment (GPe) and the internal segment (GPi) of the globus pallidus contralateral to the arm tested. Muscimol [a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist] was also used to suppress neuronal activity in these structures. The drugs were injected in the arm area of the putamen, which was identified by microstimulation or by recording neural activity. For the GPe and GPi, injections were made into the area medioventral to the arm area of the putamen. 2. The blockade of the putamen caused abnormal braking of the arm movements. The first step of the movement became hypometric, and multiple steps were necessary to reach the target. The electromyographic (EMG) analysis revealed an increase of burst activity in the antagonist muscles and a decrease of that in the agonist muscles at the fast movements. The tonic activity increased in the extensor muscles during a holding period. 3. The blockade of the GPi caused dysmetric movements. Amplitude and peak velocity of the first step of movement largely fluctuated among trials. It became difficult for the animal to brake and adjust its arm onto the target. 4. The blockade of the GPe caused a flexion posture at the elbow joint of the contralateral arm. The tonic activity of the flexor muscles increased. Cocontraction of the agonist and antagonist muscles was also observed. 5. These results suggest that the putaminopallidal system of the basal ganglia contributes to both of two motor functions: 1) static control to maintain the posture with tonic muscle activity, and 2) dynamic control to enable fast movements.

Home Videorecording of "Spells" in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
ROBERT C. WOODY
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Seizure Activity ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Partial Seizures ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Complex Partial Seizures ◽  
Permanent Record ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Family ◽  
At Home

The increasing availability of videorecording cameras and cassette recorders now permits the visual documentation of medical events in children at home by parents. On two occasions recently, we asked families to videorecord their children's presumed seizure activity at home. In the first case, a 10-month-old white boy had frequent "spells" which by history appeared to be complex partial seizures. Routine awake and asleep EEG tracings were normal, and the family resisted hospital admission for financial reasons. Anticonvulsant medications were prescribed, and the family suggested that they borrow their parent's videocassette recorder to document their son's spells at home. Their videorecordings produced a high quality, permanent record of definite complex partial symptom activity clearly revealing eye deviation, nystagmus, and associated head and arm tonic activity.

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