Skin Langerhans cells play an essential role in the defense against HSV-1 infection

1986 ◽  
Vol 91 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 341-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sprecher ◽  
Y. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Langerhans Cells ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Hsv 1

scholarly journals Functional Relevance of the Transmembrane Domain and Cytoplasmic Tail of the Pseudorabies Virus Glycoprotein H for Membrane Fusion

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melina Vallbracht ◽  
Walter Fuchs ◽  
Barbara G. Klupp ◽  
Thomas C. Mettenleiter
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Fusion Proteins ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Cytoplasmic Tail ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Complex Needs ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACTHerpesvirus membrane fusion depends on the core fusion machinery, comprised of glycoproteins B (gB) and gH/gL. Although gB structurally resembles autonomous class III fusion proteins, it strictly depends on gH/gL to drive membrane fusion. Whether the gH/gL complex needs to be membrane anchored to fulfill its function and which role the gH cytoplasmic (CD) and transmembrane domains (TMD) play in fusion is unclear. While the gH CD and TMD play an important role during infection, soluble gH/gL of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) seems to be sufficient to mediate cell-cell fusion in transient assays, arguing against an essential contribution of the CD and TMD. To shed more light on this apparent discrepancy, we investigated the role of the CD and TMD of the related alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV) gH. For this purpose, we expressed C-terminally truncated and soluble gH and replaced the TMD with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchor. We also generated chimeras containing the TMD and/or CD of PrV gD or HSV-1 gH. Proteins were characterized in cell-based fusion assays and during virus infection. Although truncation of the CD resulted in decreased membrane fusion activity, the mutant proteins still supported replication of gH-negative PrV, indicating that the PrV gH CD is dispensable for viral replication. In contrast, PrV gH lacking the TMD, membrane-anchored via a lipid linker, or comprising the PrV gD TMD were nonfunctional, highlighting the essential role of the gH TMD for function. Interestingly, despite low sequence identity, the HSV-1 gH TMD could substitute for the PrV gH TMD, pointing to functional conservation.IMPORTANCEEnveloped viruses depend on membrane fusion for virus entry. While this process can be mediated by only one or two proteins, herpesviruses depend on the concerted action of at least three different glycoproteins. Although gB has features of bona fide fusion proteins, it depends on gH and its complex partner, gL, for fusion. Whether gH/gL prevents premature fusion or actively triggers gB-mediated fusion is unclear, and there are contradictory results on whether gH/gL function requires stable membrane anchorage or whether the ectodomains alone are sufficient. Our results show that in pseudorabies virus gH, the transmembrane anchor plays an essential role for gB-mediated fusion while the cytoplasmic tail is not strictly required.

scholarly journals Dermal Dendritic Cells, and Not Langerhans Cells, Play an Essential Role in Inducing an Immune Response

2008 ◽  
Vol 180 (5) ◽  
pp. 3057-3064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Fukunaga ◽  
Noor M. Khaskhely ◽  
Coimbatore S. Sreevidya ◽  
Scott N. Byrne ◽  
Stephen E. Ullrich
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Langerhans Cells ◽  
Essential Role

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 infects Langerhans cells and the novel epidermal dendritic cell, Epi-cDC2s, via different entry pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. e1009536
Author(s):  
Kirstie M. Bertram ◽  
Naomi R. Truong ◽  
Jacinta B. Smith ◽  
Min Kim ◽  
Kerrie J. Sandgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Langerhans Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Endosomal Acidification ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Skin mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) provide the first interactions of invading viruses with the immune system. In addition to Langerhans cells (LCs), we recently described a second epidermal MNP population, Epi-cDC2s, in human anogenital epidermis that is closely related to dermal conventional dendritic cells type 2 (cDC2) and can be preferentially infected by HIV. Here we show that in epidermal explants topically infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), both LCs and Epi-cDC2s interact with HSV-1 particles and infected keratinocytes. Isolated Epi-cDC2s support higher levels of infection than LCs in vitro, inhibited by acyclovir, but both MNP subtypes express similar levels of the HSV entry receptors nectin-1 and HVEM, and show similar levels of initial uptake. Using inhibitors of endosomal acidification, actin and cholesterol, we found that HSV-1 utilises different entry pathways in each cell type. HSV-1 predominantly infects LCs, and monocyte-derived DCs, via a pH-dependent pathway. In contrast, Epi-cDC2s are mainly infected via a pH-independent pathway which may contribute to the enhanced infection of Epi-cDC2s. Both cells underwent apoptosis suggesting that Epi-cDC2s may follow the same dermal migration and uptake by dermal DCs that we have previously shown for LCs. Thus, we hypothesize that the uptake of HSV and infection of Epi-cDC2s will stimulate immune responses via a different pathway to LCs, which in future may help guide HSV vaccine development and adjuvant targeting.

Faint Hα Emission in the Corona and Its Relation to the Prominences

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 339-342
Author(s):  
V. N. Dermendjiev ◽  
Z. Mouradian ◽  
J.- L. Leroy ◽  
P. Duchlev
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Corona ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Hα Emission

AbstractThe relation between episodically observed in the solar corona faint Hαemission structures and the long lived prominences was studied. Particular consideration was given for cases in which the corresponding prominences had undergone DB process. An MHD interpretation of the phenomenon “emissions froides” (cool emission) is proposed in which an essential role plays the prominence supporting magnetic field.

Dendritic cells of the human epidermis: immuno-electron microscopic studies of la antigen reactivity

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 644-645
Author(s):  
G. Rowden ◽  
M. G. Lewis ◽  
T. M. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Langerhans Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
La Antigen ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
A Cell ◽  
C3 Receptors ◽  
Antigen Reactivity

Langerhans cells of mammalian stratified squamous epithelial have proven to be an enigma since their discovery in 1868. These dendritic suprabasal cells have been considered as related to melanocytes either as effete cells, or as post divisional products. Although grafting experiments seemed to demonstrate the independence of the cell types, much confusion still exists. The presence in the epidermis of a cell type with morphological features seemingly shared by melanocytes and Langerhans cells has been especially troublesome. This so called "indeterminate", or " -dendritic cell" lacks both Langerhans cells granules and melanosomes, yet it is clearly not a keratinocyte. Suggestions have been made that it is related to either Langerhans cells or melanocyte. Recent studies have unequivocally demonstrated that Langerhans cells are independent cells with immune function. They display Fc and C3 receptors on their surface as well as la (immune region associated) antigens.

Assembly of VP26 in herpes simplex virus-1 capsid implicated by 3-D structure of recombinant capsid

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 840-841
Author(s):  
Z. Hong Zhou ◽  
Jing He ◽  
Joanita Jakana ◽  
J. D. Tatman ◽  
Frazer J. Rixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Structure Study ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Shell Proteins ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous virus which is implicated in diseases ranging from self-curing cold sores to life-threatening infections. The 2500 Å diameter herpes virion is composed of a glycoprotein spike containing, lipid envelope, enclosing a protein layer (the tegument) in which is embedded the capsid (which contains the dsDNA genome). The B-, and A- and C-capsids, representing different morphogenetic stages in HSV-1 infected cells, are composed of 7, and 5 structural proteins respectively. The three capsid types are organized in similar T=16 icosahedral shells with 12 pentons, 150 hexons, and 320 connecting triplexes. Our previous 3D structure study at 26 Å revealed domain features of all these structural components and suggested probable locations for the outer shell proteins, VP5, VP26, VP19c and VP23. VP5 makes up most of both pentons and hexons. VP26 appeared to bind to the VP5 subunit in hexon but not to that in penton.

Freeze-fracture observations on changes in the distribution of Filipin-sterol complexes during epididymal maturation and capacitation of boar spermatozoa

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-91
Author(s):  
N. Seki ◽  
Y. Toyama ◽  
T. Nagano
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Freeze Fracturing ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Epididymal Maturation ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Sperm Membrane ◽  
Boar Spermatozoa

It is believed that i ntramembra.nous sterols play an essential role in membrane stability and permeability. To investigate the distribution changes of sterols in sperm membrane during epididymal maturation and capacitation, filipin has been used as a cytochemical probe for the detection for membrane sterols. Using this technique in combination with freeze fracturing, we examined the boar spermatozoa under various physiological conditions.The spermatozoa were collected from: 1) caput, corpus and cauda epididymides, 2) sperm rich fraction of ejaculates, and 3)the uterus 2hr after natural coition. They were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.05M cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4), and treated with the filipin solution (final concentration : 0.02.0.05%) for 24hr at 4°C with constant agitation. After the filipin treatment, replicas were made by conventional freeze-fracture technique. The density of filipin-sterol complexes (FSCs) was determined in the E face of the plasma membrane of head regions.

In vitro primary sensitization of hapten-specific T cells by cultured human epidermal Langerhans cells - a screening predictive assay for contact sensitizers

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. KRASTEVA ◽  
J. PEGUET-NAVARRO ◽  
C. MOULON ◽  
P. COURTELLEMONT ◽  
G. REDZINIAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Langerhans Cells ◽  
Primary Sensitization ◽  
Predictive Assay ◽  
Epidermal Langerhans Cells
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