Review: Preimplantation diagnosis of inherited disease

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lissens ◽  
K. Sermon ◽  
C. Staessen ◽  
E. Van Assche ◽  
C. Janssenswillen ◽  
...  
1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1014-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Munne ◽  
T. Dailey ◽  
K.M. Sultan ◽  
J. Grifo ◽  
J. Cohen

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Romano ◽  
F. Fabbrini ◽  
P. D’Agostino ◽  
L. Nitsch

L’articolo analizza gli aspetti biomedici della diagnosi genetica preimpianto (PGD), in considerazione degli aggiornamenti della letteratura scientifica. La diagnosi genetica preimpianto è definibile, in ambito biomedico, come forma precoce di diagnosi che, mediante diverse tecniche, analizza gli embrioni prodotti con la fecondazione artificiale al fine di poter determinare la presenza di alterazioni genetiche. La PGD viene proposta, poi, anche per massimizzare l’efficacia delle procedure di fecondazione artificiale e viene indicata da alcuni per la selezione di embrioni secondo il sesso e per ragioni non mediche (c.d. bilanciamento familiare o Social Preimplantation Diagnosis). L’articolo analizza i rischi connessi alla tecnica di PGD quali gli errori diagnostici, il danneggiamento e la perdita di embrioni, lo sviluppo della gravidanza. Per poter praticare la PGD si producono embrioni mediante fecondazione artificiale. La diagnosi, attuata con diverse tecniche, è effettuata mediante biopsia e selezione degli embrioni. Una o due cellule sono aspirate attraverso un foro nella zona pellucida dall’embrione allo stato di 6-8 cellule (terzo giorno di sviluppo), mediante una soluzione acidificata di Tyrodes o mediante laser. La rimozione del primo e secondo globulo polare è stata realizzata principalmente per selezionare aneuploidie legate all’età (PGD-AS). L’analisi del globulo polare, però, è limitata alle malattie ereditate per via materna, infatti i cromosomi paterni non possono essere analizzati. La reazione a catena della polimerasi (PCR) è stata usata per la prima volta in PGD per la diagnosi di fibrosi cistica. La PCR è limitata dal rischio di contaminazione e dalla perdita dell’allele (allele droupout). La PGD è stata eseguita per malattie Xlinked (per esempio distrofia muscolare di Duchenne, emofilia, X-fragile), malattie recessive (fibrosi cistica, talassemia, atrofia muscolare spinale) e malattie dominanti (distrofia miotonica, Corea di Huntington, Charcot-Marie- Tooth). L’ibridazione in situ fluorescente (FISH) sui nuclei in interfase è stata usata per analizzare i cromosomi degli embrioni poiché è difficile fare il cariotipo ai singoli bastomeri, La prima applicazione di FISH è stata per determinare il sesso per le malattie X-linked. La PGD viene praticata per i portatori di varie aberrazioni cromosomiche bilanciate, per esempio le traslocazioni, le inversioni, le delezioni, usando sonde specifiche per rilevare l’aberrazione. Nuove tecniche si stanno mettendo a punto: la multiplex PCR, la whole genome amplification la comparative menome hybridisation (CGH) e i DNA “chip”. Le legislazioni che regolano la PGD variano da nazione a nazione: da nessuna alla proibizione. ---------- In this article the authors study biomedical issues of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), considering the scientific literature. PGD is an early form of diagnosis for patients at risk of transmitting an inherited disease to their offspring. Patients have to go through in vitro fertilization (IVF, ICSI) to produce embryos for PGD. Furthermore, some authors suggest sex selection by PGD for family balancing or social preimplantation diagnosis. The authors analyse the risk of PGD (e.g. diagnostic failure, embryo-survival after biopsy, embryo loss and pregnancy rate). A biopsy of the embryos, removing 1-2 cells, and single cell diagnosis are performed to determine which embryos are free from the genetic disease. 1-2 cells are aspirated through a hole in zona pellucida made by acidified Tyrodes solution or a non-contact laser. Removal of the first and second polar body, either sequentially or simultaneously has also been performed for PGD, mainly for age-related aneuploidy screening (PGD-AS). Polar body analysis is limited to maternally inherited disease as the paternal chromosomes cannot be analyzed. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used on single cells for PGD since the first report of PGD for cystic fibrosis. PCR is hampered by the risk of contamination and allele dropout. Paternal contamination can be overcome by using intracytoplamatic sperm injection (ICSI) to achieve fertilization. PGD has been performed for X-linked (e.g. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, haemophilia, fragile X syndrome), recessive (e.g. cystic fibrosis, thalassemia, spinal muscular atrophy) and dominant (e.g. myotinic dystrophy, Huntington’s disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disorder) diseases. Since it is difficult to karyotype single bastomeres, interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used to analyze chromosomes in embryos. FISH for sexing for X-linked disease was the first application, and PGD may be performed for carriers of various balanced chromosome aberrations, e.g. translocations, inversions, deletions, using probes designed to detect the specific aberration. Recent advances in molecular diagnosis technique have included the use of multiplex PC, whole genome amplification, comparative genome hybridisation (CGH) and DNA microarray. The rules and legislation regulating PGD varies from country to country, from no legislation at all to total prohibition.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. S68
Author(s):  
D. Gelbart ◽  
N. Earle ◽  
J. Crawford ◽  
R. Stiles ◽  
T. Donoghue ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Da-Bei Fan ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Hao-Hao Zhang

AbstractCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a rare X-linked recessive inherited disease that is considered a major cause of steroidogenesis disorder and is associated with variants or complete deletion of the NR0B1 gene. The DAX-1 protein (encoded by NR0B1) is a vertebrate-specific orphan nuclear receptor and is also a transcriptional factor for adrenal and reproductive development. CAH usually causes adrenal insufficiency in infancy and early childhood, leading to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in adulthood; however, few adult cases have been reported to date. In this study, we examined a Chinese family with one adult patient with CAH, and identified a putative variant of NR0B1 gene via next-generation sequencing (NGS), which was confirmed with Sanger sequencing. A novel nonsense variant (c.265C>T) was identified in the NR0B1 gene, which caused the premature termination of DAX-1 at residue 89 (p.G89*). Furthermore, mutant NR0B1 gene displayed a partial DAX-1 function, which may explain the late pathogenesis in our case. Additionally, qPCR revealed the abnormal expression of four important genes identified from ChIP-seq, which were associated with energy homeostasis and steroidogenesis, and were influenced by the DAX-1 mutant. In addition, hormone disorders can be caused by DAX-1 mutant and partially recovered by siRNA of PPARGC1A. Herein, we identified a novel nonsense variant (c.265C>T) of NR0B1 in a 24-year-old Chinese male who was suffering from CAH. This mutant DAX-1 protein was found to have disordered energy homeostasis and steroidogenesis based on in vitro studies, which was clinically consistent with the patient’s phenotypic features.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2001
Author(s):  
Silvia Spena ◽  
Chiara Cordiglieri ◽  
Isabella Garagiola ◽  
Flora Peyvandi

Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder. In pregnant women carrier of hemophilia, the fetal sex can be determined by non-invasive analysis of fetal DNA circulating in the maternal blood. However, in case of a male fetus, conventional invasive procedures are required for the diagnosis of hemophilia. Fetal cells, circulating in the maternal bloodstream, are an ideal target for a safe non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. Nevertheless, the small number of cells and the lack of specific fetal markers have been the most limiting factors for their isolation. We aimed to develop monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the ribosomal protein RPS4Y1 expressed in male cells. By Western blotting, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analyses performed on cell lysates from male human hepatoma (HepG2) and female human embryonic kidney (HEK293) we developed and characterized a specific monoclonal antibody against the native form of the male RPS4Y1 protein that can distinguish male from female cells. The availability of the RPS4Y1-targeting monoclonal antibody should facilitate the development of novel methods for the reliable isolation of male fetal cells from the maternal blood and their future use for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of X-linked inherited disease such as hemophilia.


2003 ◽  
Vol 153 (21-22) ◽  
pp. 485-488
Author(s):  
Wilfried Feichtinger

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