The human tibia a simplified method of radiographic analysis of its cross-section, with anthropometric correlations

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira D. Stein ◽  
Gerald Granik
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Radiographic Analysis ◽  
Human Tibia ◽  
Simplified Method

Study on Applicability of Equivalent Single Degree of Freedom Methods for Single Column Pier with Uniform Cross Section

2011 ◽  
Vol 255-260 ◽  
pp. 1716-1720
Author(s):  
Liang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Fundamental Mode ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Shape Functions ◽  
Single Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Single Degree ◽  
Single Column ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Uniform Cross Section

Applicability of the simplified method based on equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (ESDOF) for single-column pier with uniform cross-section is investigated in this paper. The modal participating mass ratio of pier’s fundamental mode is taken as an index to evaluate the applicability of the simplified method. Based on the fundamental mode shape functions selected deliberately in the first step, equations to evaluate the modal participating mass ratio of pier fundamental mode is obtained. Using the proposed equations, it is convenient to evaluate applicability of the simplified method with the height of the pier and the ratio of the linear mass along the column to the dumped mass at the top of the pier. Finally, the index is verified in the different nonlinear range of piers.

Radius measurement of a revolution surface: photogrammetric and geodetic variants

2017 ◽  
Vol 927 (9) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
R.N. Gelman ◽  
A.V. Nikitin
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Additional Measurement ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Angular Measurements ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Photogrammetric Method

A description of methods for measuring the radius of curvature of any surface of revolution without the use of special devices and direct contact with the object is given. The method the minimum number of linear and angular measurements at a single point of tool is based on. The height of the cross section for which the radius of curvature is determined can be different with respect to the standpoint. The method in the photogrammetric version, when the main measurements taking from a photograph and a purely geodetic using traditional instrument, can be used. At azimuth geodetic option disappear the process of measuring the image and the issues associated with camera calibration, but requires bulky and expensive equipment as well as additional measurement of angles. Photogrammetric method is more suitable in urban environments due to its simplicity and speed. The justification of the tolerances during installation of the camera is given; a simplified method for its calibration is given; as well as an example of using the photogrammetric method for measuring a real object.

scholarly journals A Simplified Method for Modeling of Pressure Losses and Heat Transfer in Fixed-Bed Reactors with Low Tube-to-Particle Diameter Ratio

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Tymoteusz Świeboda ◽  
Renata Krzyżyńska ◽  
Anna Bryszewska-Mazurek ◽  
Wojciech Mazurek ◽  
Alicja Wysocka
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactors ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Medium Method

This manuscript presents a simplified method of modeling fixed-bed reactors based on the porous medium. The proposed method primarily allows the necessity of precisely mapping the internal structure of the bed—which usually is done using real object imaging techniques (like X-ray tomography) or numerical methods (like discrete element method (DEM))—to be avoided. As a result, problems with generating a good quality numerical mesh at the particles’ contact points using special techniques, such as by flattening spheres or the caps method, are also eliminated. The simplified method presented in the manuscript is based on the porous medium method. Preliminary research has shown that the porous medium method needs modifications. This is because of channeling, wall effects, and local backflows, which are substantial factors in reactors with small values of tube-to-particle-diameter ratio. The anisotropic thermal conductivity coefficient was introduced to properly reproduce heat transfer in the direction perpendicular to the general fluid flow. Since the commonly used fixed-bed reactor models validation method based on comparing the velocity and temperature profiles in the selected bed cross-section is not justified in the case of the porous medium method, an alternative method was proposed. The validation method used in this work is based on the mass-weighted average temperature increase and area-weighted average pressure drop between two control cross-section of the reactor. Thanks to the use of the described method, it is possible to obtain satisfactorily accurate results of the fixed-bed reactor model with no cumbersome mesh preparation and long-term calculations.

scholarly journals Finite element analysis of concrete-encased steel composite columns with off-center steel section

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jat Yuen Richard Liew ◽  
Binglin Lai ◽  
Shan Li
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Ultimate Strength ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Composite Columns ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Steel Composite ◽  
Steel Section

Concrete encased steel composite columns have been widely used in high-rise buildings and top-down constructions owning to excellent load-carrying capacity and fire resistance. However, double symmetric composite section is rarely achieved due to the off-center eccentricity of steel kingpost, which is a common problem in top-down constructions. EN1994-1-1 (EC4) simplified method does not provide any explicit provisions for this kind of irregular composite columns, and many designers address this issue by reducing it into a symmetrical cross-section for ease of simple calculation. This paper presents a general method based on nonlinear finite element modelling software ABAQUS to analyze the ultimate strength behavior of concrete-encased composite columns with asymmetrically placed steel section. The accuracy of the FE model is verified against existing test results.   Parametric study is performed to further investigate the influence of steel section eccentricity on ultimate strength of stub columns under different loading conditions. A simplified method based on modification of EC4 design approach is developed to construct the moment-axial force interaction diagram. Accuracy of the proposed method is assessed by comparing the analytically predicted results with the numerical results. It is found that the proposed method can be adopted as a useful tool to predict the cross-section resistance of non-symmetrical concrete-encased steel composite columns. 

scholarly journals Analytical Method for the Bending Resistance of Slim Floor Beams with Asymmetric Double-T Steel Section under ISO Fire

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 574
Author(s):  
Diana Duma ◽  
Raul Zaharia ◽  
Dan Pintea ◽  
Ioan Both ◽  
Francois Hanus
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Concrete Slab ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Bending Resistance ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Resistance Assessment ◽  
Common Shape ◽  
Steel Section

The slim floor beams, characterized by the steel profile embedded in the concrete slab, may be found in different configurations, based on the shape of the steel profile cross-section, which can vary from a rectangular to double-T section. While the most common shape used nowadays is the double-T cross-section, the Eurocodes do not provide a simplified method for the fire resistance assessment. The literature offers a simplified method for computation of bending resistance under elevated temperature, based on existing research on thermal models, and was validated for a particular type of slim floor beams (SFB). The current study extends the scope of application of this method, for different types of slim floor beam, which include an asymmetric double-T steel cross-section. The objective was reached through a numerical procedure, by analyzing 162 configurations subjected to four different fire requirements (R30, R60, R90, R120), resulting in a total of 648 analyses, performed with a validated numerical model in SAFIR software. The results in terms of bending resistance showed that the simplified method represents a strong tool for the fire design of slim floor beams.

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