Effect of calcium on the salinity tolerance of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud., cv. Wimmera) during germination

1986 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Marcar
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass

The effect of vernalization on the heading of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and on five cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 352 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Artificial Seed ◽  
Mediterranean Origin ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Cold Requirement

The responses of annual and perennial ryegrass to 0, 6, and 12 weeks artificial seed vernalization were determined by recording the percentages of plants heading and the leaf numbers at heading for populations of 40 plants grown in a glasshouse under continuous light. All plants of the annual L. rigidum headed without vernalization but the vernalized plants headed at a much lower leaf number than did the unvernalized controls. At least six weeks of cold treatment were needed for complete induction of the five cultivars of L. perenne examined. The vernalization responses of cultivars of Mediterranean origin were similar to those of the Australian Colac. It was shown that late heading in L. perenne is not always associated with a large cold requirement and it is suggested that photoperiod may be an important factor controlling heading of ryegrass in southern Australia.

scholarly journals Net transfer of nutrients to the duodenum and disappearance ofn-alkanes in the reticulo-rumen and the hindgut of sheep fed grass/legume combinations

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (10) ◽  
pp. 1765-1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhafid Keli ◽  
Genaro Olmos ◽  
Antonio de Vega ◽  
José A. Guada
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Microbial Synthesis ◽  
Fibre Intake ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
Microbial N ◽  
Net Transfer

An experiment was carried out to examine the effect of increasing the proportion of Wimmera ryegrass hay in a lucerne hay-based diet on net transfer of nutrients to the intestine, and on the disappearance ofn-alkanes in the reticulo-rumen and the hindgut of sheep. Following a latin square design, four adult ewes were fed 1:0, 0·33:0·67, 0·67:0·33 and 0:1 proportions of legume and grass. Increasing the proportion of ryegrass in the diet linearly decreased the intake of DM (P= 0·017), organic matter (P= 0·021) and N (P= 0·001). However, neutral-detergent fibre intake was not affected (P= 0·148), nor was its digestibility coefficient (P>0·10). Diet had no effect on duodenal flows of nutrients (P>0·10), although the proportion of N intake (NI) recovered at the duodenum as non-NH3N (NAN) increased linearly withLolium rigidumin the diet (P= 0·002). Full recovery of NI as NAN was achieved at NH3concentrations in the rumen below 110 g/l. Microbial N contribution to NAN varied in a quadratic manner (P< 0·05) with the proportion of grass in the diet, although efficiency of microbial synthesis was not affected (P>0·10). Duodenal recovery of consumedn-alkanes was not affected by diet and was complete for those present in higher concentrations in the forages. Isolated rumen bacteria contained significant amounts ofn-alkanes, contributing to the duodenal flow of these hydrocarbons in variable proportions depending on the diet consumed.

Irrigated pasture productivity and its variability in the Shepparton region of northern Victoria

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Pasture Productivity

The seasonal distribution and variability of growth of three types of irrigated pastures were measured at Kyabram over a period of up to seven years. The pasture types studied were (1) paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum)-dominant perennial pasture, (2) ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/clover (Trifolium repens) perennial pasture, and (3) annual pasture based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). The influence of environmental factors on the year-to-year variability in monthly growth rates was also examined. Annual growth curves were constructed for each pasture type, and examination of the variability about each monthly mean indicated that the spring months, and October in particular, were the most variable months for pasture growth. Environmental factors were found to account for part of the year-to-year variation in pasture growth of paspalum pastures in August, September, October, November and April. Higher mean maximum temperatures significantly increased growth in September, October and April, with the greatest response occurring in October; hours of sunshine was the significant factor influencing growth in August and November. Annual pasture growth also responded to changes in mean maximum temperature or hours of sunshine in September and October. The comparative mean annual production of paspalum pasture, ryegrass/clover pasture and annual pasture was 18.3, 18.3 and 11.0 t DM/ha, respectively. These levels of production represented 1.1, 1.2 and 1.6% conversion of photosynthetically active radiation during the growing period of the three pasture types, respectively. These levels of productivity and the animal production that should result, suggest that the pasture productivity on many irrigated dairy farms is either very low or the pasture that is grown is inefficiently utilized. Because animal productivity depends on pasture productivity more than any other single factor, farmers should make improvement of pasture growth their major aim while having regard for the variability in growth that can result from variations in environmental factors.

Effect of spelling newly sown pastures

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
RCG Smith ◽  
EF Biddiscombe ◽  
WR Stern
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass

Newly sown pure swards of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were either grazed or spelled (deferred) for five weeks after emergence in autumn and then evaluated with young Merino wethers stocked at 10 sheep ha-1. Sheep on deferred pastures had higher intakes and liveweight than on plots continuously grazed. Spelling increased the availability of pasture for prehension due to a greater weight of herbage being offered and the more erect growth form. Under continuous grazing the animal productivity on clover was much lower than on ryegrass but following deferment, both species had similar productivity. The beneficial effects of spelling after emergence were manifest over the ensuing ten months by liveweight, fleeceweight and number of days of grazing. Spelling also increased seed reserves at the end of summer and the number of plants re-establishing at the beginning of the next growing season.

The growth of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) in annual pasture. 4. The effect of some management practices on barley grass content

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
pp. 706 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass

The effects of three grazing treatments and three mowing treatments on the dominance of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) in an annual pasture were examined. Different spring grazing patterns did not markedly alter the amount of seed. Mowing favoured the legume component; topping less so than cutting lower as for hay or silage. However, none of these practices totally prevented barley grass from setting seed, and their effects were partly offset by late irrigation. Oversowing with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) did reduce barley grass seed setting but alone u-as not effective in changing botanical composition. Compared with Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), barley grass showed greater persistence.

Effect of lupin grain supplements on lamb birth weight and growth rate and on milk production of Merino ewes

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 915 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
SR Wallace ◽  
ESde Boer
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Cent Increase ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Lamb Growth

Merino ewes lambing in March on dry subterranean-clover-Wimmera ryegrass (Trifolium subterraneum-Lolium rigidum) pastures were fed a lupin grain supplement at different rates for 10 weeks, beginning four weeks before lambing, In two experiments, birth weights of lambs were unaffected by the supplements but both milk production of the ewes and the growth rate and weaning weight of lambs increased linearly with increasing level of supplementation. At the highest rate of supplement (600 g day-1), the ewes produced 46 per cent more milk in a four hour period in the first four weeks of lactation than ewes that were not fed and their lambs were 3 kg heavier at weaning. In a third experiment in which ewes were fed in yards, increasing the protein level in the ration from 8 per cent to 14 per cent using lupin grain gave a 15 per cent increase in milk production and a significantly higher lamb growth rate at the same level of energy intake. At ad libitum levels of intake the high protein ration gave a 33 per cent higher rate of milk secretion over ten weeks and a 40 per cent higher growth rate of lambs than the low protein ration

The effects of pre-maturity desiccation with paraquat and leaching on the quality of dry Wimmera ryegrass

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
DW Barrett ◽  
NA Campbell ◽  
GW Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Proportionate Change ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The effects of pre-maturity desiccation with paraquat and post-maturity leaching with water on the quality of the dry residues of annual Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) were examined under laboratory and field conditions. Paraquat applied at head emergence increased the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur in mature ryegrass and, in some experiments, the levels of magnesium, calcium and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), and increased the in vitro digestibility. Concentrations of nitrogen were changed little by leaching in either sprayed or naturally matured ryegrass. Concentrations of other mineral nutrients decreased following leaching to similar levels in sprayed and unsprayed tissue. The proportionate change in concentration of nutrients varied between experiments, with the nature of the nutrient, with the part of the plant, and with the period of leaching. Leaching removed WSC and, in one case, more was lost from paraquat-treated herbage. However, decreases in percentage digestibility in vitro were not significant. Changes in potassium and WSC contents were greater following multiple immersions than with a single immersion lasting the same total length of time, and this effect was not changed by spraying paraquat.

The selective chemical control of Wimmera ryegrass in wheat with di-allate and tri-allate

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (54) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
TG Reeves ◽  
CL Tuohey
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Economic Basis ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Selective Chemical

Two herbicides, di-allate and tri-allate, were compared for the pre-emergence control of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in wheat at three different locations in the Victorian wheatgrowing areas. Both herbicides significantly reduced ryegrass populations in the crop, but di-allate was consistently more effective than tri-allate. Grain yields were generally enhanced by spraying, but 1.12 kg a.i. per hectare of either material sometimes caused crop damage when applied before sowing. On an economic basis, di-allate at 0.56 kg a.i. per hectare was superior to all other treatments whether applied just before or just after sowing.

The response to phosphate of two annual pasture species. I. Effect of the soil's ability to adsorb phosphate on comparative phosphate requirement

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
NJ Barrow
Keyword(s):  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Pot Trial

Eleven soils which differed widely in their ability to adsorb phosphate were used in a pot trial to compare the response to phosphate by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) with that by Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.). Response curves were fitted to the yields (log-transformed). The coefficients of the curves were used to calculate both the relative effectiveness of the phosphate and the phosphate required to give a given fraction of the increase in log yield due to phosphate. Overall, the phosphate requirement for the grass was less than for the clover but the two species were affected differently by the soil's ability to adsorb phosphate. The phosphate requirement for the clover increased more rapidly with increasing adsorption by the soil than the phosphate requirement for the grass.

Effect of species and cultivation on the responses to phosphate of annual pastures and crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
A Petch
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Virgin Soil ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Sand Plain ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Cultivation Practice

Three crop species, sand-plain lupin, Lupinus cosentinii L. (cv. Chapman), narrow-leaf lupin, L. angustifolius L. (cv. Uniharvest), and wheat, Triticum aestivium (cv. Gamenya), were grown under field conditions in soil fertilized then cultivated to 10 cm depth. Two annual pasture species, subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. (cv. Daliak), and Wimmera ryegrass, Lolium rigidum Gaud. (cv. Wimmera), were also grown in the field both with and without cultivation. All species were fertilized with seven levels of phosphate broadcast on the soil surface before cultivation. The amount of phosphate which produced 90% of maximum yield depended on species and cultivation practice: wheat required 98 kg phosphorus/ha; L. angustifolius, 65 kg/ha; L. cosentinii, 42 kg/ha; subterranean clover, after cultivation, 49 kg/ha; subterranean clover, not cultivated, 28 kg/ha; Wimmera ryegrass after cultivation, 40 kg/ha; Wimmera ryegrass, not cultivated, 18 kg/ha. All species except wheat required less current phosphate in this experiment than they did 3 years earlier on the same site in virgin soil. Cultivation changed the distribution of soil phosphate, and the roots of the pasture species followed the phosphate distribution.

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